PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1892. COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION. John H. Redfield, Edw. J". Nolan, M. D., Thomas Meehan, Angelo Heilprin, Charles E. Smith. Editor : EDWARD J. NOLAN, M. D. PHILADELPHIA: ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, LOGAN SQUARE. 1893. Academy of Natural Sciencbs of Philadelphia. February 22, 1893, I hereby certify that copies of the Proceedings for 1892 have been presented at the meetings of the Academy as follows : — Pages 9 to 56 57 to 104 105 to 120 121 to 152 153 to 168 169 to 200 201 to 216 217 to 232 233 to 264 265 to 280 281 to 320 321 to 336 337 to 352 353 to 400 401 to 432 433 to 448 449 to 496 March 1, 1892 March 15. 1892 March 29, 1892. April 5, 1892 April 19, 1892 May 17, 1892 June 21. 1892 August 23, 1892 September 20. 1892 October 11. 1892 November 15, 1892 November 29, 1892 January 24, 1893 February 14, 1893 February 7. 1893 February 14, 1893 February 21, 1893 EDWARD J. NOLAN, Recording Secretary. FKILADBLPHIA I BINDER A KELLY, PRINTERS. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. With reference to the several articles contributed by each. For Verbal Communications see General Index. Banks, Nathan. The Spider Fauna of the Upper Cayuga Lake Basin (Plates I, II, III, IV, V) , 11 Brown, Amos P. The Development of the Shells in the Coiled Stage of Baculites compressus Say (Plate IXj 136 Chapman, Henry C, M. D. Observations upon the Brain of the Gorilla (Plates XI, XIII) 203 Cope, Edw. D. A Contribution to a Knowledge of the Fauna of the Blanco Beds of Texas 226 The Batrachia and Reptilia of Northwestern Texas 331 Fox, William J. Report on the Hymenoptera Collected in West Greenland. 133 Greene, Edward L. Eclogce Botanicre, No. 1 357 Hoffman, Horace Addison, and David Starr Jordan. A Catalogue of the Fishes of Greece, with notes on the names now in use, and those em- ployed by Classical Authors ; 230 Ives, J. E. A new Species of Pycnogonum from California (Plate X) 142 Keller, Ida A., Ph. D. The Phenomenon of Fertilization in the Flowers of Monarda fistulosa (Plate XV) 452 Meehan, Thomas. Contributions to the Life-Histories of Plants No. 7. (On the Vitality of some Annual Plants; On Self-pollination in Amsonia Tabernsemontana; On a special form of Cleistogamy in Polygonum acre ; On the Direction of Growth in Cryptogamic Plants; Tricarpellary Umbellifers; A Mode of Variation in Stellaria media; On the Sexes of the Holly; On the Stamens of Ranunculus abortivus; On the Character of the Stamens in Ornithogalum umbellatum; Note on Bar- barea in Connection with Dichogamy.) 160 Contributions to the Life-Histories of Plants, No. 8. (Euphrasia offici- nalis; Notes on Gaura and Oenothera; The Carpellary Structure of Nympha;a; On the Sexual Characters of Rhus; Rubus chamaemorus; Dalibarda repens ; On some Morphological Distinctions in the Genera ofEricacea;; Vitality of Seeds; Lysimachiaatropurpurea; Campanula rotundifolia ; Cornus Canadensis; Aralia hispida ; Luzula campestris ; Cakile Americana ; Hypericum ellipticum ; Trifolium hybridum ; Lathyrus maritimus ; Lonicera coerulea; Raphanus sativus; On the Nature of the Verrucae in some Convolvulacese; Polygonum cilinode; Aster tatarica) 366 Notes on Monarda fistulosa 449 e ; spinnerets reddish ; epigynum as in figure. One specimen. Dictyna decorata, nov. sp. Plate I, fig. 81. Plate IV, fig. 81. Total length 9 2-5-2-9mm. Cephalothorax dark red-brown ; head and clyj)eus yellowish-red ; mandibles reddish to yellowish-brown; sternum yellow; maxillte similar ; lip darker ; legs white to yellowish ; abdomen whitish ; venter with a few reddish spots, sometimes in form of a central stripe ; dorsum on each side with a red-brown or nearly black ^This is Prodalia foxii Marx. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1891. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 stripe, sometimes partially divided into spots ; these stripes con- nected at apical end by a broad irregular band of same color ; some- times a few small spots in the enclosed space. Prolongations of the markings often extend down on the sides of the abdomen, especially posteriorly ; spinnerets light ; the abdomen is somewhat longer and narrower than usual ; abdomen above with many blackish hairs. Several specimens. April under bark, and in summer. Dictyna dubia. nov. sp. Plate I, fig. 82a. Total length ? 2-7mni. Cephalothorax dark red-brown, head and clypeus yellowish-red; mandibles yellow-brown ; legs and palpi whitish ; sternum and lip yellow-brown; maxillie lighter ; venter yellowish ; dorsum grayish, covered with yellow spots leaving a gray network, little dots of gray in the yellow spots ; each side of dorsum an indistinct stripe of rusty brown, most distinct near base; abdomen elliptical, well rounded. One specimen. Amaurobius silvestris Em. Common under stones. Titanoeca americana Em. Frequent under stones, Fall Creek, Enfield Creek. Neophanes Marx. General structure of Dictyna ; eyes six in two groups, three each side ; calamistrum and cribellum present in both sexes ; lip triangular; small species. Neophanes pallidus Marx. Plate III, figs. 86, 86a and 87. Length 9 and $ I'lmm. Cephalothorax yellow-brown, with a few blackish marks ; the eyes on two black patches, one each side; mandibles more yellow than cephalothorax ; legs yellowish, basal part of hind pair more white ; sternum white, a little tinge of yellow ; lip mure yellow ; abdomen nearly white, a little grayish. Structure very peculiar; eyes six in two groups; calamistrum and cribellum distinct in both sexes ; lip long triangular, a tooth each side of base ; spinnerets six, separated ; tubules only on adja- cent surfaces of under pair; palpi and epigynum as figured ; one specimen a little smaller with a gi*eenish abdomen does not seem 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. different. Found under stones or leaves in holes in the ground often an inch from the surface. Not uncommon in Buttermilk Creek, Fall Creek, Six Mile Creek. Two female specimens agree closely with these typical specimens, except that the sternum is extremely narrow and the lip broad at tip as seen in fig. 87. It may be a new species but the epigynum is the same. THERIDID^. Theridinse. Theridium tepidariorum Koch. Abundant, in houses and about buildings ; occasionally found on cliffs in gorges. Theridium rupicola Em. Not uncommon, under stones, Six Mile Creek, Dec. Theridium kentuckyense Keys, One female ; similar to the male but a little larger ; epigynum as on Plate V, fig. 43. Theridium differens Em. Not uncommon in evergreen trees. Theridium spiralis Hentz. More common than the preceding ; in evergreen trees and else- where. Theridium murarium Em. Not uncommon, Six Mile Creek ; evergreen trees. Theridium punctis-sparsum Keys. Uncommon, Fall and Cascadilla Creeks, Dec, Feb. Theridium frondeum Hentz. Very common in summer. Mimetus interfector Hentz. Infrequent, Fall Creek, Six Mile Creek, Freeville, Aug. Sept. Mimetus epeiroides Em. One young specimen probably this species. Buttermilk Creek, Aug. Ero thoracica Reuss. One specimen, Inlet Marsh, March. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 Steatoda borealis Hentz. Common often about buildings. Steatoda marmorata Hentz, Not uncommon in gorge?. Steatoda guttata Reuss. Uncommon, Primrose Cliff, Inlet Marsh ; Nov., Dec. Steatoda triangulosa Walck. Two specimens. Dipoena nigra Em. Steatoda nigra Em. Not uncommon, Fall Creek, Six Mile Creek. Argyrodes trigonum Hentz. Not uncommon in Linyphia webs in gorges. Euryopsis funebris Hentz. One specimen on campus. Pholcomma hirsuta Em. Not uncommon, Buttermilk and Fall Creeks; during autumn and winter. Erigoninse. Ceratinella fissiceps Cambr. Not uncommon in grass in spring and summer. Ceratinella similis, nov. sp. Plate V, figs. 61, 61a and 61b. Total length 9 and S l-4mm. Male sometimes a little smaller than female. Cephalothorax orange ; eye region black ; legs light yellow-brown ; mandibles and sternum orange ; abdomen whitish, with a slight grayish-yellow tinge ; epigynum and spinnerets dark or black ; $ palpi with tarsus black ; hard spot on male dorsum, orange ; muscular impressions of female orange and hard, no hard spot on dorsum ; hard spot at base of venter, and a little spot in front of spinnerets ; head of male elevated and projecting cephala but not humped ; head of female normal. Frequent, Six Mile Creek, South Hill, Sept., Nov., Apr. Ceratinella minuta Em. Plate 11, fig. 60. Plate IV, fig. 60. Not uncommon, Fall Creek, Aug. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Ceratinella bulbosa Em. Plate V, fig. 59, 59a. The female is about the same size as the male, it has no hard spot on dorsum ; the abdomen in most of my specimens is dark gray, much darker than in C. fissiceps. Not uncommon. Round Marshes, Fall Creek near Varna ; upper part of Six Mile Creek ; Oct. March, Apr. Ceratinella pygmea Em. Plate II, tig. 57. The female is about the same size and color as the male with a hard spot on dorsum. One male and one female, Fall Creek and Buttermilk Creek, Oct., Nov. Ceratinella atriceps Cambr. Rare, Fall Creek, Inlet Marsh. Feb., March. Ceratinella nioesta, no v. sji. Plate IT, fig. o>^. Plate X, fig. 58. Total length S To mm. Length of cephalothorax 'Tmm. breadth "oSram. Length of abdomen "Smm. breadth -6 mm. Cephalothorax very dark and brown ; legs orange, a little brownish towards the tips, sternum red-brow'u; hard spot on dorsum dark orange ; rest of dorsum dark gray ; venter still darker ; head very high ; hard spot on dorsum, not very large, elliptical, distinct; spinnerets dark. One specimen. South Hill beyond Buttermilk Creek, Nov. Ceratinella laetabilis Cambr. Rare, Cascadilla Creek, Fall Creek near Varna, Febr. March. Ceratinella brunnea Em. Uncommon, Cascadilla Creek, Fall Creek, Aug., Feb., March. Ceratinella micropalpis Em. Rare, Six Mile Creek, Nov. Ceratinella placida, nov. sp. Plate II, figs. 54, 54a. Total length $ l-25mm. Length of cephalothorax 'OSmm. breadth •45mm. Length of abdomen '8 mm. breadth •? mm. Cephalothorax light greenish-brown; legs nearly white; palpi greenish ; sternum greenish-gray; spinnerets and a spot in front of them white ; hard spots on dorsum indistinct, a little tinge of orange ; the basal one yellowish ; abdomen dark gray with a greenish tinge ; head of male slightly elevated, not humped, but somewhat pro- 1802.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 jecting anteriorly ; dorsal hard spot large, covering nearly all the dorsum. A female from Cascadilla Creek has a darker abdomen, and the hard spot is brighter than in male ; sternum is darker on sides ; cephalothorax is more yellow as is also the legs ; the hard spot has no distinct limits. Uncommon, Cascadilla Creek, Burdick's Glen ; Sept., Feb. Ceratinella formosa, nov. sp, Plate II, figs. 55 and 55a. Total length 9 l-Smm. Cephalothorax dark yellow-broAvn ; darkest at cephalic end ; legs pale brownish-yellow; sternum dark; abdomeu nearly black, except the upper part of the base, which is covered by a hard spot extending only a little way on the dorsum ; this is a bright orange- red color ; head not elevated ; ou apex of dorsum a few faint narrow chevrons of white ; the four muscular impressions are about over the middle of the abdomen, the hind pair not much farther apart than are the front pair ; these are also reddish in color; abdomen widest somewhat behind the middle. Rare, Fall Creek, Sept. Ceratinella annulipes, nov. sp. Plate II, figs. 56, 56a and 56b. Length 9 TSmm. Cephalothorax dark chestnut brown ; sternum dark red-brown ; abdomen dark gray, nearly black above ; legs red-brown, most of patella and ends of other joints yellowish; no hard spot, ends of muscles form reddish impressions on dorsum ; head not elevated ; epigynum as figured. One specimen. Ceratinopsis interpres Cambr. Two specimens, Six Mile Creek and Round Marshes, Oct., Apr. They are redder than in the description of Emerton. Ceratinopsis nigriceps Em. Frequent, Six Mile Creek, Buttermilk Creek, Cascadilla Creek, Inlet Mai'sh, Sept., Jan. Ceratinopsis nigripalpis Em. One young specimen. Buttermilk Creek, Sept. Ceratinopsis frontatus, nov. sp. Plate V, fig 63. Length 9 l*5mm. Cephalothorax dull yellowish-brown ; blacker on head, which is somewhat raised ; legs a dull orange or brownish-yellow ; sternum 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892.. blackish ; venter whitish ; dorsum a little darkened by small black patches ; S. E. on tubercles ; epigynum red-brown. One specimen, Fall Creek, March. Grammonota pictilis Cambr. Several specimens, Fall Creek, Sept., March. Grammonota ornata Cambr. Two specimens, Fall Creek, near Varna, March. Grammonota venusta. nov. sp. Plate V, tig 64. Length 9 2 mm. Cephalothorax dark yellow-brown, marginal seam black, eyes on black; indistinct dark lines on cephalothorax; mandibles red- brown ; sternum nearly black ; legs bright brownish-yellow ; abdo- men nearly black, witli a pattern of light markings similar to the other species but smaller; epigynum black ; head a little raised; lung plates yellowish ; cephalothorax nearly smooth, abdomen very hairy ; head about one-half the length of cephalothorax, which is broad in front and not much wider in middle. Two specimens. Coy Glen, Feb. Spiropalpus spiralis Em. One specimen, Freville, Aug. Corniculftria directa Cambr. One specimen, Fall Creek, Oct. Cornicularia communis Em. One specimen, South Hill, Apr. Cornicularia indirecta Cambr. One specimen, Six Mile Creek, Apr. Cornicularia pallida Em. One specimen probably this species. Round Marshes, Oct. Cornicularia formosa. nov. sp. Plate V, fig. 35. Length 9 2ram. Cephalothorax bright yellow ; eyes on a black patch ; no dark seam ; mandibles dusky at tip, rest yellowish ; sternum lemon- yellow ; legs very pale whitish ; abdomen gray, with a tinge of pink, many small indistinct darker patches ; epigynum dark ; legs long and head low. Two specimens. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 Cornicularia placida, no\ . sp. Plate V, fig. 30. Length 9 l-9nuii. Somewhat similar in general appearance to what I have called C. directa ; but the epigynum is quite difterent, cephalothorax pale chestnut brown, darker on the head ; abdomen nearly white ; epigy- num reddish ; legs and sternum brownish-yellow. One specimen, Fall Creek, Oct. Lophomma cristata Blk. One specimen, South Hill, Apr. Probably this species. Lophocarenum castaneum Em. Plate IV, fig. 3. Several females which I take to be this species. The cephalo- thorax is somewhat more yellowish than in the description ; the abdomen is large and well rounded. Fall Creek, March. Lophocarenum tristis, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 1, Length 9 2-3mm. Cephalothorax dark red-brown ; legs brownish-yellow ; mandibles dull reddish-brown, sternum and abdomen very dark gray ; head a little elevated ; abdomen large oval ; the middle of hind margin of epigynum is a little raised ; sternum quite convex ; legs not long. Three specimens. Inlet Marsh, Apr. ; Fall Creek, Oct. Lophocarenum florens Cambr. Not uncommon, Round Marshes, Oct. ; Burdick's Glen, Sept. Lophocarenum unimaculatum, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 2, 2a. Total length 9 2-4mm. Length of cephalothorax l'2mm. breadth !• mm. Length of abdomen l'6mm. breadth l'2mm. Cephalothorax orange above and below ; eyes surrounded by black rings; clypeus and mandibles orange; palpi yellow; coxte yellowish ; base of femora reddish often extending beyond the middle; patella tibia and metatarsus dark, nearly black; tarsus lighter ; abdomen orange yellow above and below, with a large bluish-black spot in centre of dorsum, sjDot rounded behind and pointed in front. A pretty species found in Inlet Marsh among leaves, Oct.; and later in Nov. under bark. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Lophocarenum miniatum, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 4. Length 9 3mm. Cephalothorax bright orange red, darker near eyes ; mandibles, palpi, sternum, coxse and femora of legs orange-red, other joints of legs lighter ; abdomen dark gray ; in one specimen an oblique light stripe each side ; spinnerets yellowish ; epigynum reddish ; structure as usual in the genus. Two specimens, Freeville, May. Lophocarenum venustum, nov. sp. Place IV, fig. 5. Length 9 2*7mm. Cephalothorax orange brightest on cephalic part ; eyes on black ; legs lighter and more yellow ; mandibles brownis^h at tips ; sternum orange, abdomen gray; muscular impressions on dorsum brownish, the basal pair larger and just about twice as close together as are the other pair ; as seen from the side, on the caudal edge of the mandible, about one-third the distance from the base, is a rounded tubercle. Two specimens. South Hill beyond Buttermilk ; Freeville, K^ov., Aug. Lophocarenutn montiferum Em. Several specimens. Six Mile Creek, Apr. Lophocarenum parvum, nov. sp. Plate IV, figs. 6, 6a and 6b. Cephalothorax pale yellowish ; a line of black around the head; marginal seam blackish ; eyes surrounded by black ; size l"5mm.; legs whitish or nearly colorless; mandibles a greenish-white; ster- num a yellowish-brown, darker on edges ; abdomen dark gray with a little tinge of green ; palpal organ reddish; palpi long, especially the femur, tibia swollen at tip and with teeth ; head elevated ; groove just behind the S. E., hole in this groove ; legs moderately long ; cephalothorax widest nearly at hind margin, which is con- cave. One specimen, Six Mile Creek, Sept. Lophocarenum exiguum, nov. sp. Plate V, figs. 7, 7n, 7b. Length ^ l"5mm. Cephalothorax dark yellow-brown, darkest at cephalic end; marginal seam black ; legs bright yellow-brown, distal joints paler ; mandibles pale ; sternum yellow-brown ; darker than legs ; abdomen nearly black, with rows of large hairs; head greatly elevated; 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 upper M. E. can not be seen in a front view. The sternum is very- broad, and the anterior margin is straight. The groove and hole on head is just above the S. E. One specimen, Fall Creek, Jan. Lophocarenum spiniferum Cambr. One specimen. South Hill, Oct. Lophocarenum crenatum Em. Several specimens. Six Mile Creek. Lophocarenum crenatoideum, nov. sji. Plate lY, figs. 8, 8a and 8b. Length $ l'5mm. Cephalothorax brownish-yellow ; eyes surrounded by black ; a blackish line around head ; legs white or nearly colorless ; steinum yellowish-brown, quite dark ; mouth-parts and mandibles pale yellowish ; abdomen shining, dark gray, a little greenish, with long white hairs ; palj^al organ scarcely colored ; cephalothorax with sides crenate ; head narrowed at upper M. E., then widened ; a few cross ridges on middle of cephalothorax ; cephalothorax broadest at about middle; an elongate groove just behind S. E., hole at cephalic end of groove. One specimen. Six Mile Creek, Sept. Lophocarenum erigonoides Em. Plate IV, tig. 9. Several specimens. Six Mile Creek, Sept. ; Fall Creek, Feb. Lophocarenum formosum, nov. sp. Plate lY, fig. 10. Plate V, fig. 10. Length $ l-2mm. length 9 l'4mm. Cephalothorax bright browmish-yellow ; head darker ; marginal seam black; legs paler than cephalothorax; sternum red-brown, edges nearly black ; abdomen nearly black, lighter on venter of female ; a line of pale spots on each side of venter ; abdomen long- haired ; tibia of male palj^us with two black teeth ; head of female scarcely elevate 3, male considerably raised; hole just behind the S. E. ; farther caudad near the end of head is a groove. Several specimens. South Hill, Six Mile Creek, May, Oct. Lophocarenum arvensis, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 11. Length 9 2mm. Cephalothorax and mandibles dark red-brown ; darkest on head, which is but little elevated, not humped ; palpi red-brown ; legs bright brownish-yellow ; sternum red-brown ; abdomen nearly $ l'2ram. *55mm. breadth •5ram. •75mm. breadth •5mm. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. black ; cephalothorax widest in middle, tapering a little and rounded behind; head broad. Two specimens, Fall Creek in field, Feb., May. Lophocarenum longior, nov. sp. Plate IV, figs. 12 and 12a. Length 9 2mm. Cephalothorax dull brownish-yellow; darkest on head; eyes on black rings ; black seam scarcely apparent ; legs and ])?^\\A pale, scarcely colored ; mandibles brownish-yellow brighter than cephalo- thorax ; sternum brownish-yellow, blackish on edges ; epigynum reddish; venter light gray; dorsum darker gray, but still quite light, lightest at base ; the abdomen is longer than usual in the genus; mandibles somewhat convex in front. One specimen, Burdick's Glen, Sept. Tmeticus unicorn, nov. sp. Plate l\, figs. 13, l.Sa. Total length Length of cephalothorax Length of abdomen Cephalothorax and legs yellowish ; abdomen gray ; palpi yellow, organ reddish and black, sternum and venter dark gray; horn yellow ; legs with many black hairs ; spinnerets white ; head elevated, no holes; from middle of clypeus projects a slender horn, somewhat larger at tip than in middle; tip with some stiff hairs; the tibia of male palpus with a long projection. One specimen. Six Mile Creek, Nov. Tmeticus trilobatus Em. One specimen. Fall Creek, Oct. The palpus is almost the same as the figure in Emerton, but the tibia seems to have more projec- tions at the tip. Tmeticus obscurus, nov. sp. Plate II, figs. 14, 14a. Length S l"7mm. Cephalothorax and madibles dull brownish-yellow ; eyes on black; legs paler; sternum and abdomen dark, latter a little greenish and lighter above than on venter; head higher than in most species of the genus, as is also the abdomen ; cephalothorax broad, widest behind the middle, not much narrowed behind ; mandibles with a tooth in front; tarsi of palpi gone, tibia enlarged and with several projections. One specimen. Six Mile Creek. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 Tmeticus flaveolus, nov. s^p. Plate IV, fig. 15. Length S l'2mm. Cephalothorax bright brownish-yellow, with a black seam ; eyes Avith black rings ; legs yellowish, paler than cephalothorax, first pair darkest, fourth pair lightest ; sternum blackish-yellow ; abdo- men pale greenish-gray ; cephalothorax low ; widest behind the middle ; palpal organ reddish ; tibia enlarged and with several short projections, not so much . as in T. mcesUis ; palpal organ smaller than in that species; a large tooth in front on mandibles; a female, perhaps of this species a little smaller. One male and one female, South Hill, Oct. ; Fall Creek, Feb. Tmeticus luxuosus, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 16. Length ^ 2-2mm. Cephalothorax a uniform orange ; no dark edge ; mandibles similar but blackish at tips ; black around eyes ; legs pale yellowish ; sternum light orange ; abdomen light gray ; no tooth on front of mandibles ; cephalothorax broad in front, widest at dorsal groove; abdomen narrow ; palpal organ small ; tibia swollen at tip, with several projections. One specimen. Fall Creek, Aug. Tmeticus rusticus, nor. sp. Plate II, fig. 17. Length $ l*5mm. Cephalothorax brownish-yellow; legs somewhat orange, except patella which is yellow ; sternum blackish-yellow brown ; no teeth on front of mandibles; abdomen black; head a little higher than usual ; palpal organ large, dark red-brown, very complicated. One specimen, Buttermilk Creek, March. Tmeticus pallidus Em. Two specimens, Six Mile Creek, Dec. Tmeticus humilis, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 18. Length S l'6mm. Cephalothorax yellow-brown, with a black margin ; eyes on black ; mandibles yellow-brown, no tooth in front ; abdomen nearly black ; legs yellow brown but paler than cephalothorax, the first pair darkest ; sternum black ; spinnerets yellowish ; cephalothorax widest at dorsal groove, narrow'er behind. One specimen. Inlet Marsh, Nov. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Tmeticus moestus, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 19. Length S r5rnm. Cepbalothorax, legs and mandibles broAvnish-3'ellow; eyes on black ; cepbalothorax with a few dark marks, one large one just behind head ; and a line each side reaching to the hind 8. E.; sternum dark gray, abdomen a little lighter than sternum; cepb- alothorax widest behind the middle ; mandibles large, with a tooth in front ; legs quite long ; palpi a little longer than usual. Two specimens, Primrose Cliff, Dec. Tmeticus debilis, nov. sp. Plate lY, fig. 20. Length $ and $ l'9mm. Cepbalothorax brownish-yellow ; eyes on black ; seam black ; legs lighter than cepbalothorax ; sternum dark brown ; venter nearly black ; dorsum of abdomen lighter, very hairy ; cepbalo- thorax widest much behind the middle ; tibia of palpus not much enlarged. Several specimens, Inlet Marsh, Primrose Cliff, Buttermilk Creek, Dec, March. Tmeticus palustris, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 21. Length ^ l"9mm. Length 9 l'9mm. Cepbalothorax yellow ; legs similar but lighter ; eyes on black ; abdomen dark gray; sternum yellow-brown, darkest on edges; epigynum reddish-black ; palpal organ reddish ; abdomen of male no wider than cepbalothorax, in female the abdomen is wider ; head of male a little raised ; a tooth on front of male mandibles,, legs moderately long. Two specimens from Round Marshes in May, with a web in the throat of the leaves of the Pitcher plant ; one specimen, which appears to be the same, from Fall Creek, Oct. Tmeticus distinctus, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 22. Length . 9 I'Smm. Cepbalothorax dull yellowish-brown, with faint blackish mark- ings ; no black seam ; eyes with black rings ; sternum dull yellowish brown, blacker on edges, abdomen dark to light gray ; legs dull yeHowish-brown, a little duller than cepbalothorax ; epigynum reddish ; head low ; cepbalothorax not tapering much at either end ; legs short. One specimen, in woods west of Varna, March. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41 Tmeticus maculatus, nov. sp. Plate IV, fig. 23. Length 9 I'Smm. Cephalotliorax and legs brownish-yellow, quite bright ; eyes on black rings ; mandibles and palpi a little brighter than cephalo- thorax, a narrow black seam ; sternum blackish ; epigynum reddish ; abdomen gray, darker on venter ; dorsum with several pairs of transverse indistinct white spots, most clearly seen when wet ; epigy- num of two flat lobes ; no traces of teeth on front of mandibles. Two specimens, Coy Glen, Feb. Tmeticus minutus, nov. sp. Plate II, tig, 24. Length ^ 1mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, head darkest ; eyes with black rings ; margin scarcely darkened ; mandibles brighter than ceph- alothorax ; legs pale, with a little brownish and a little tinge of red, sternum yellowish ; abdomen greenish-gray with a few paler spots above ; palpal organ dark red-brown ; spinnerets white ; uo tooth on front of mandibles ; tibia of palpus not enlarged ; the front M. E. are much smaller than the others. One specimen, in woods west of Varna, March. Tmeticus gnavus, nov. sp. Plate V, fig. 44. Length $ I'omm. Cephalothorax brownish-yellow, a little darker on edge, with a black margin ; eyes on black ; mandibles yellowish with a large tooth in front ; palpi and legs brighter yellow ; sternum dark, nearly black ; abdomen dark gray almost black ; spinnerets light ; cephalothorax very low, wide and short ; abdomen narrow ; tibia of palpus with several projections. One specimen, Six Mile Creek, Apr. Erigone longipalpis Em. One specimen, Inlet Marsh, April. Linyphinse. " Linyphia marginata Koch. Common. Linyphia communis Hentz. Not uncommon, Freeville, May. Linyphia clathrata Sund. One specimen, Inlet Marsh, Nov. 4 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Linyphia phrygiana Koch. Co mm on. L. phrygiana var. annulipes. A little smaller with distiuct riu^s on tibia, while beyond there is scarcely any red marks. There are one or two extra dark marks on the side of the abdomen near the base ; the median stripe on the cephalothorax is divided into four parts on the head, one running to each eye. A few specimens. Fall Creek. LinypMa mandibulata Em. Not uncommon. in gorges and elsewhere. Linyphia variabilis, nov. s]). Plate II, fig. 28. Total length largest 9 4' mm. Length of cephalothorax 1 'Omm. breadth "9 mm. Length of abdomen 2*2mm. breadth r35mm, Cephalothorax reddish-yellow to red, with a black Hue on margin, mandibles same as cephalothorax ; mouth-parts and sternum dark reddish, sternum often jet black ; legs light russet yellow to greenish-yellow ; venter dark red-brown ; a silvery white band around the sides just above the edge of the dark venter; above this a dark red-brown stripe, about same width or wider, this occasionally sub-interrupted at middle. On dorsum within this last stripe, the ground color is chocolate or lighter, with small silvery spots, and when fully developed the ordinary folium like L. mar- ginata, but usually more or less broken ; spinnerets black. Cephalo- thoi'ax narrowed just in front of first pair of legs; gradually elevated toward the eyes ; deeply emarginate behind ; area occupied by M. E. higher than broad, and broader behind than in front ; S. E. touching each other ; legs hairy, with few spines ; sj^ecimens not quite adult of both sexes. Not uncommon. Round Marshes, Fall Creek, Six Mile Creek, Oct., Feb. Linyphia conferta Hentz. Plate II, fig. 38. Total length 9 and S young 3"3ram. Length of cephalothorax I'lmra. breadth 'Omra. Length of abdomen 2" mm. breadth Tlmm. Cephalothorax yellow-brown ; eyes on black ; a black seam ; mandibles yellow-brown ; legs pale greenish, sometimes a little darker at ends of joints ; sternum black ; venter dark red-brown 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 43 . extending half way up the side; just above this a line of silvery spots, smaller in size than in X. variabilis; above this a row of blackish spots ; dorsum reddish or yellowish, with very few small silvery spots; on middle of dorsum a pair of red-brown spots; be- hind them another pair, sometimes united to a larger darker spot at end of dorsum ; base of dorsum with no dark spots ; the end of abdomen is more like a Jrontina than is that of L. variabilis ; the tarsus of the male palpus as far as developed, is much more triangular than that of L. variabilis. Infrequent, South Hill, Apr. ; Six Mile Creek, Oct. ; Fall Creek, March. Stemonyphantes bucculentus Clerck. Infrequent, Buttermilk Creek, Six Mile Creek, Fall Creek, South Hill. During autumn and winter. Diplostyla nigrina West. Infrequent, Enfield Creek, Sept., Six Mile Creek, Nov. and Apr. Diplostyla pallida, nov. sp. Plate II, fig. 29. Length $ 2mm. length 9 l-9mm. Cephalothorax pale greenish ; legs similar or paler ; sternum more brownish ; mandibles more yellow ; eyes with a little black, abdo- men grayish above, with several darker, but not black, cross bands ; sides and venter similar to these cross bands; epigynum nearly white, with a reddish spot each side ; palpal organ reddish-brown ; legs very long, head of $ more elevated than in 9 , and with a few stiff hairs; $ mandibles larger than 9. Three specimens, Williams Brook, Summit Marsh, Aug. Diplostyla alboventris, nov. sp. Plate V, fig. 31. Total length 9 2-2mm. Length of cephalothorax "ymm. breadth •6mm. Length of abdomen l-6mm. breadth 'Qmrn. Size varies somewhat more than usual. Cephalothorax yellow-brown, darkest at cephalic end and around edges ; eye-region blackish ; mandibles, palpi, mouth-parts and sternum similar to cephalothorax ; legs lighter with a tinge of green ; abdomen white, cream or grayish, with a broad black stripe on each side reaching to the spinnerets; above sometimes with a basal median black spot; behind this four cross-bands, black ; the first two sometimes divided in the middle ; the fourth often reaches to the stripe on side, the others do not ; sometimes a trace of a fifth 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. cross-band ; epigynum is part reddish ; legs with a few spines. The male is sometimes a little larger than female ; colors similar, except that there is a dark spot at base of venter, which extends caudad in some specimens and may darken the whole venter; palpal organ dark reddish ; it is a beautiful structure. Locally common, exceedingly so on Beebe Island, Fall Creek; also found in Inlet Marsh ; autumn and winter. Diplostyla concolor Keuss. Not uncommon in Inlet Marsh, Sept., Nov. Drapetisca socialis Sund. Two specimens, male and female. Helophora insignis Blk. Infrequent. Drydeu Lansing Swamp, Sept. ; Six Mile Creek, Sept. ; Fall Creek, Aug. ; Round Marshes, Oct. Varies in size and markings. Bathyphantes minuta Blk. Inlet Marsh. One specimen, Nov. Bathyphantes nebulosa Sund. In houses. Forest Home and Heustis St., March and Nov. Bathyphantes zebra Em. Common in autumn and winter under leaves. Bathyphantes alpina Em. Frequent, Inlet Marsh, Buttermilk Creek. Bathyphantes subalpina Em. Frequent, Cascadilla Creek, Buttermilk Creek. Bathyphantes decorata, nov. sp. Plate II, fig. 41. Length 9 and J' r9mm. Cephalothorax yellow with black around eyes ; a black margin ; sometimes a dorsal median stripe black ; legs with basal joints yellowish, distal joints paler; sternum dark brown to blackish; venter and sides of abdomen in S dark, in 9 lighter gray ; sides with two silvery spots ; dorsum pale with no dark markings or indistinct ; a middle interrujited dark chevron and two or three, usually more complete, behind this ; apex dark, a number of silvery spots in dorsum ; epigynum reddish, as is also palpal organ ; eyes prominent and projecting, head slightly more raised and projecting in male than female; legs long; abdomen slender. Infrequent, Burdick's Glen, Sept. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADEPHIA. 45 Bathyphantes argenteomaculata, nov. sp. Largest female, youug, 2"3mm. Cephalotliorax pale yellowish, as are also the legs ; eyes sur- rounded by black ; margin of cephalothorax dark ; sternum dark ; abdomen light gray above with many small indistinct brownish spots and larger silvery spots which form two oblique stripes each side that approach each other, and several cross-bands on dor- sum ; legs very long; abdomen as usual. Several specimens of this pretty species were found in Six Mile Creek in Sept., all young. Bathyphantes pallida, nov. sp. Plate V, fig. 42. Length $ l*25mm. Cephalothorax light yellow-brown ; legs same color, somewhat brighter ; palpi a little more gray ; sternum gray or dark gray ; abdomen gray or nearly white on dorsum shading into dark gray on venter; epigynum red at tip, and considerably projecting as seen in the figure ; spinnerets light. Four specimens, Six Mile Creek, Dec, Apr. ; Fall Creek, Oct. Bathyphantes sabulosa Keys LinypJiia sabulosa Keys. Uncommon, Six Mile Creek, Oct. Bathyphantes zygia Keys. Erigone zygia Keys. Not uncommon during autumn and winter under stones and leaves. Bathyphantes formica Em. Two specimens, Freeville, Aug. Bathyphantes umbratilis Keys. Erigone umbratilis Keys. In field. May. A few specimens. Bathyphantes complicata Em. Plate IV, fig. 26. Uncommon, South Hill, Oct. ; Fall Creek, March, Oct. The palpal organ agrees pretty closely with Emerton's figure; the color of the cejjalothorax and legs is, however, yellowish, not orange. Bathyphantes unimaculata, nov. sp. Plate II, figs. 65 and 65a. Length $ and 9 l-9mm. Cephalothorax greenish-gray with small blackish irregular patches ; eyes on black ; legs brownish-yellow ; sternum black ; abdomen dark gray ; darkest on venter, almost black ; a pale spot 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. near apex on dorsum, this is plain in both sexes ; the male palpi are not long, the organ compact, the tarsal hook is very large and pro- jects out to one side ; epigynum reddish. Not uncommon, Fall Creek, Six Mile Creek, Feb. Bathyphantes inornata, nov. sp. Plate Y. fig. 66. Length (J and 9 l-8mm. Male a little smaller and narrower. Cephalothorax and legs yellow-brown, eyes on black ; abdomen blackish or grayish, often with a greenish tinge, and with many little whitish dots ; sternum dark brown or nearly black ; epigynum and palpal organ reddish ; head of male not raised ; abdomen with- out markings, or at most with a few narrow light cross-lines on dor- sum near apex. Common under stones in fields, autumn and winter. Bathyphantes tristis, nov. sp. Plate II, fig. 45. Length 9 l".5mm. Cephalothorax and legs dull brownish-yellow, blackish near margin of cephalothorax ; eyes with black rings ; mandibles brighter yellow ; sternum blackish ; abdomen dark brown or nearly black ; epigynum dark red-brown, showing as a roundish projec- tion ; legs not very long. Uncommon ; Fall Creek, March ; Six Mile Creek, March ; Inlet Marsh, Nov. Microneta viaria Blk. KSeveral specimens. Fall Creek, Oct., Nov. Microneta latens, nov. sp. Plate Y, fig. 46. Length 9 2"lmm. Young males about the same size. Cephalothorax brownish-yellow, with a black margin, and dark rays each side ; eyes on black rings ; legs and palpi yellowish, some- times with a little tinge of green ; mandibles and mouth-parts yellow-brown ; sternum dark gray ; abdomen very dark almost black, sometimes with a tinge of green; epigynum reddish; spin- nerets light; abdomen widest a little behind the middle; cephalo- thorax low, broadest behind the middle ; legs long and slender ; epigynum quite similar to M. qumquedentata. Common on wet ground, during autumn and winter. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 Microneta quinquedentata Em. Common in autumn. Microneta palustris, nov. sp. Plate II, tig. 47. Length $ . 2-9mm. Cepbalothorax dark orange brown, shining ; legs brighter, first pair darkest, tips of legs darker than base ; mandibles as cepbalo- thorax ; sternum red-brown ; abdomen black, hairy ; legs with long black hairs; tibia of male palpus small, without teeth, femur long ; S. E. touching ; upper M. E. larger than lower and a little farther apart. Two specimens, Negundo woods, Feb. Microneta discolor Em. Several specimens, Fall Creek, Feb. Microneta cornupalpis Em. Not uncommon. Fall and Six Mile Creeks, Nov., March, April. Some females are twice as large as others. Microneta luteola, nov. sp. Plate II, tig. 48. Length $ 2-3mm. Cepbalothorax bright brownish-yellow ; margin scarcely darker ; eyes with black rings ; mandibles yellowish ; legs lighter than cepbalothorax ; sternum yellow with dark edges ; venter blackish gray, with a pale line each side ; dorsum gray, with a whitish band near apex, and in front of this a number of small indistinct light spots ; palpal organ dark reddish ; legs very long ; cepbalothorax very broad and low ; head broad. One specimen, Fall Creek, Nov. Microneta flaveola, nov. sp. Plate Y, tig. 49. Length $ l*2mm. Cepbalothorax, mandibles, and legs, pale brownish-yellow ; eyes with black rings ; sternum blackish ; abdomen greenish-gray, lighter above, somewhat blackish on venter ; palpal organ reddish ; palpi short ; legs long ; tibia of male palpus small ; abdomen small and low. One specimen. Six Mile Creek. Microneta complicata, nov. sp. Plate II, tig. 50. Length $ 2"7mm. Cepbalothorax orange yellow ; eyes with black rings ; mandibles slender and narrow, yellowish ; legs yellowish, a little lighter than 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. cepbalothorax ; sternum blackish-yellow ; abdomen nearly black ; spinnerets white ; cepbalothorax low and broad ; male palpi dark reddish, very large; tarsus with a short but prominent spur and below it a curved hook ; ])alpal organ extremely complicated. One specimen, Michigan Hollow Swamp, Apr. Microneta minutissima, nov. sp. Plate II, fig. 27. Length $ -OSmm. Cepbalothorax, mandibles and dorsum of abdomen pale greenish ; legs and palpi still paler, almost colorless ; palpal organ not much darker ; eyes surrounded by black rings, which almost touch each other in the upper row, and do unite in the lower row ; abdomen with scattered long black hairs ; venter and sternum pale greenish, with a few blackish spots aud lines, which make these parts appear darker ; legs very long and slender ; cepbalothorax low, broadest behind the middle, quite broad in front ; abdomen low and narrow. One specimen. Fall Creek, Oct. Microneta frontata, nov. sp. Plate V, fig. 51. Length 9 2'4mm. Cepbalothorax reddish-yellow ; legs duller and paler ; eyes with black rings ; sternum yellow, edges more reddish ; epigynum red- dish, surrounded by yellow ; spinnerets yellow ; abdomen gray ; legs not very long and stout ; head broad, abdomen low, and not much longer than cepbalothorax, epigynum large and quite peculiar in shape. One specimen. Microneta gigantea, nov. sy. Plate II, fig. 52. Length 9 3mm. Cepbalothorax pale yellowish, blackish on edges, a black central line on head, and one each side of head ; eyes, except front M. E., surrounded by reddish rings; front M. E. much smaller than other eyes, and on black ; mandibles brighter yellow than cepbalo- thorax ; legs pale yellowish, sternum similar; abdomen gray, darker above than on venter ; epigynum projecting. One specimen. Fall Creek, Aug. Microneta distincta, nov. sp. Plate II, fig. 53. Length ,? 2-9mm. Cepbalothorax and sternum light orange-red ; legs and mandibles lighter ; eyes on a black patch ; abdomen black ; clypeus and 1892.] KATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 mandibles retreating ; palpal organ dark, very complicated ; tibia swollen and with several projections. One specimen^ Freeville, May. EPEIRID^. Epeirinse. Epeira corticaria Em. Locally not uncommon, Dryden Lansing Swamp, Sept. Epeira silvatica Em. Rare, Fall Creek, Oct. Epeira nordmanni Thor. Common, in gorges, Sept., Nov. Several varieties of the species. Epeira cinerea Em. Locally common, on cliffs in gorges, Buttermilk and Fall Creeks, Sept., Nov. Epeira sclopeteria Clerck. Common, Aug., Nov. Epeira patagiata Clerck. Infrequent, under bark, Inlet Marsh, Nov. Epeira strix Hentz. Common, Aug., Nov. and in spring. Epeira trifolium Hentz. Common, Sept., Nov. Epeira marmorea Clerck. One specimen. Epeira insularis Hentz. Common, Aug., Nov. Epeira thaddeus Hentz. Not uncommon. Inlet Marsh, South Hill Marsh, Sept., Oct. Epeira pratensis Hentz. Not common. Epeira trivittata Kejs. Common, Sept., Oct. Epeira domiciliorum Hentz. Common, Sept., Oct. Epeira dispiicata Hentz. Common, Aug., Oct. 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Epeira juniperi Em. One specimen. Epeira labyrinthea Hentz, Common, Sept., Oct. Epeira globosa Keys. Rare. Epeira placida Hentz. Frequent in wet places. Fall Creek, Round Marshes, June, Sept. Epeira gibberosa Hentz. Common in grass, Aug., Sept. Epeira parvula Keys. Common, Sept., Oct. Epeira steHata Hentz. Infrequent, fields, South Hill, Summit Marsh, Dryden Lansing Swamp, Round Marshes, Aug. Epeira ithaca McCook MSS. Not common. Cyclosa conica Pallas. Very common. Singa variabilis Em. Not uncommon. Round INIarshes and wet meadows. Singa maculata Em. Infrequent, Buttermilk and Fall Creek. Acrosoma rugosa Hentz. One male. Meta menardi Latr. Infrequent, Fall Creek, Buttermilk Creek, in dark cliffs, Sept., Oct. Argiope riparia Hentz. Common, Sept., Oct. Argiope transversa. Not uncommon, Sept., Oct. Argyroepeira hortorum Hentz. Not uncommon in grass and herbs, Fall Creek, Six Mile Creek, Sept. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 Tetragnatha vermiformis Em. One specimen. Tetragnatha extensa Linn. Not uncommon. Tetragnatha grallator Hentz. Very common. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. Common. Tetragnatha straminea Em. Common. Tetragnatha caudata Era. Rare, Inlet Marsh, males and females ; the latter resemble the former. Tetragnatha pallida, nov. sp. Plate V, figs. 88, 8Sa. Total length $ , not including mandibles, 9' mm. Length of cephalothorax 3" mm. breadth I'Smni. Length of maudibles o'4mm. fang 2-8mm. Length of tibia and patella I $ 10' mm. Cephalothorax, legs, palpi, mandibles, mouth-parts and sternum yellowish, lip darker, fang reddish, and tip of palpus a little red- dish ; abdomen gray with many small silvery spots, no other mark- ings ; abdomen long, slender and cylindrical ; narrower than cei^h- alothorax ; legs long ; S. E. farther apart than M. E.; lower S. E. smaller than other eyes ; mandibles very long, a large tooth in front ; the largest tooth on side is the distal one, fang bent, tibia of palpus about twice as long as patella. It differs from T. grallator in posi- tion of eyes and shape of mandibles; from T. vermiformis in shape of mandibles and length of tibia of male palpus ; from T. straminea in eyes and mandibles ; from T. extensa in eyes, mandibles and tibia of male palpus ; from T. laboriosa in eyes, mandibles and tibia of male palpus ; from T. caudata in eyes, mandibles and shape of abdomen ; from T. Jiuviatilis in position of eyes ; from T. illin- oiensis in position of eyes. Two male specimens. Pachygnatha brevis Keys. Not uncommon in marshes, Nov., Dec. Pachygnatha autumnalis Keys. Not uncommon, Fall Creek, Round Marshes, Six Mile Creek, Oct., Dec. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Pachygnatha xanthostoma Keys. Rare, one specimen. Uloboringe. TJloborus plumipes Lucas. Rare, Six Mile Creek, Fall Creek, Aug. Hyptiotes cavatus Ilentz. Very common. THOMISIDJE. Thomisinse. Xysticus stomachosus Keys. Plate III, fig. 1. Several specimens. Xysticus feroculus Keys. Plate Til, figs. 3 and 3a. A few specimens, not common. Xysticus distinctus, nov. sp. Plate III, fig. 89. Total length 9 6-7mm. Length of cephalothoras 8' mm. breadth 2'9mm. Length of sternum TSmm. breadth .9mm. Length of femur I 3* mm. tibia I 2* ram. Length of femur IV 2" mm. tibia IV 1.6mm. Distance between epigynum and spinnerets l"5nim. Cephalothorax a light reddish-brown on sides, growing darker and containing a large triangular light spot behind, upper edge straight ; above a broad light stripe, with a median double line ter- minated behind by a black triangle ; in front each side of this line a little tinged with brown; eyes black; clypeus white; mandibles light; legs pale, above mottled with brownish and a few black spots and with a white line on front pairs, hind legs more distinctly ringed with black at tip of femur, tip of patella, and base and tip of tibia ; under side of coxse with a few brown linear markings ; sternum light with a dark border, interrupted in front, the field with many dark dots; mouth-parts bi'ownish, abdomen above light brown, white near the apex ; near base a few black spots ; near apex a black blotch each side connected by a black line ; in front of these two narrow transverse black bands, broadly interrupted in the middle ; in front of each black band a narrow light band ; venter brown mottled with blackish ; epigynum yellow. The M. E. equal and equally far apart, the lower nearer the lower S. E. than to each other ; M. E. form a quadrangle broader than high. Two rows of 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53 6-7 spines on under side of tibise and metatarsi, I and II. Abdo- men broadest behind the middle. One adult and several young, Indian Spring. Xysticus brunneus. nov. ?p. Plate III, fig. 4. Total length 9 8'5mm. Length of cephalothorax 4" mm. breadth 4" mm. Length of sternum 2* mm. breadth l"4mm. Length of femur I 3"2mm. tibia I 2"9mm. Length of femur IV 2-5mm. tibia IV r9mm. Distance between epigynum and spinnerets 2'3mm. Cephalothorax reddish-brown, darker on cephalic part and on sides ; more yellow behind ; a brighter narrow stripe on the middle ; clypeus same color ; falces and palpi reddish-brown ; maxillse, lip, sternum and under side of legs lighter, more yellowish, legs, upper side reddish-brown ; distal joints darkest. Abdomen above and below a uniform dark brown, without markings ; spinnerets reddish. Cephalothorax widest a little caudad of middle, much higher at middle than in front; clypeus vertical ; eyes in two nearly equally- bent rows, those of upper row of about equal size and at equal dis- tances from each other ; the four M. E. form a quadrangle wider than high ; the lower M. E. scarcely smaller and slightly nearer each other than the upper M. E.; lower M. E. scarcely nearer the much larafer S. E. than each other; sternum much longer than wide ; abdomen rounded ; the epigynum consists of a cavity broader than long at the bottom of which two dark oblong bodies lie separ- ated by a septum. On tibiiB I and II two rows of six to seven spines ; on metatarsi I and II two rows of five to six spines. One specimen. Xysticus crudelis, nov. sp. Plate III, figs. 5 and oa. Total length 9 Length of cephalothorax 3"9mm. Length of sternum , 2* mm. Length of femur I 3* mm. Length of femur IV 2*4mm. Distance between epigynum and spinnerets 'Cephalothorax yellow, with sides reddish-brown, and above on head same color; the edges of head white ; a narrow median con- sisting of two dark lines ; clypeus and eye-region reddish-brown ; falces, palpi, mouth-parts, sternum reddish-brown ; upper surface of legs yellowish, thickly mottled with dark brown, distal joints darker. Abdomen dark brown, lighter around the anterior sides ; 8-3mm. breadth 3-8mm. breadth 1-pmm. tibia I 2-3mm. tibia IV l'9mm. 2-7mm. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. sides of dorsum darkest and separated into three parts by light cross lines; venter dark brown, somewhat reddish in the middle, spinnerets yellowish, reddish-brown at base. Cephalothorax higher in middle than in front ; clypeus vertical ; the four M. E. form a quadrangle as broad as high ; the lower M. E. not smaller, and as far from each other as are the upper M. E. from each other, and nearer to the larger S. E. than to each other ; eyes of upper row at about equal distances, and of nearly equal size. On both tibipe and metatarsi I and II two rows of five to six spines. Rare. Xysticus transversus, nov. sp. Plate III, figs. 6, 6a and 6b. Total length 9 8- mm. Length of cephalothorax 8*5mm. breadth o"2mm. Length of sternum l*7mm. breadth l*2mm. Length of femur I 3' mm. tibial 2* mm. Length of femur IV 2'2mm. tibia IV r6mm. Distance between epigynum and spinnerets 2'7mm. Cephalothorax light yellowish, with a dark reddish-brown baud each side terminated by two black oblong spots ; head reddish- brown, edge white, with a narrow median stripe terminated behind by a black spot ; clypeus lighter than sides ; base of hills of S. E. white ; falces, palpi, mouth-j^arts, sternum and under side of legs light reddish-brown, spotted or striped with darker brown, legs above light reddish-brown with darker spots ; a white stripe on femur, patella and tibia I and II. Abdomen brown above, white on posterior sides, and dark brown on venter; spinnerets white with a dark band at base; the brown of dorsum darker toward the apex, and here separated on each side by a few white cross lines into almost black quadrangles. Cephalothorax much higher in middle than in front, widest in middle; clypeus vertical; eyes in two rows about equally curved ; the four M. E. form a quadrangle wider than high ; the lower M. E. as far from each other as are the upper M, E. from each other ; the lower M. E. farther from each other than from the very much larger S. E. ; the eyes of the upper row at about equal distances from each other ; the upper M. E. somewhat larger than the lower M. E, and smaller than the upper S. E.; abdomen rounded, widest caudad of middle ; on metatarsi I and II two rows of four to five spines, on tibite I and II two rows of three to four s^jiines. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55 Not uncommon, Sept. What I take to be the male is smaller 4mm. long ; the markings and color similar but brighter ; palpus as figured. Xysticus lentus, nov. sp. Plate IT, fig. 67. Total length S 4-5mm. Length of femur I 3'8nim. tibial 2"2mm. Cephalothorax as broad as long and shorter than femur I. Cephalothorax reddish-brown on sides ; with a light stripe in middle above, a darker somewhat triangular area in front part of this light stripe terminated behind by a black triangle; a light band connecting the S. E. ; clypeus and mandibles reddish-brown ; sternum pale, with many small brown dots ; cox?e lineated with brown ; underside of legs pale, with a narrow brown stripe and numerous brown dots; above with darker blotches ; metatarsi and tarsi pale. Abdomen brown above, with small white and dark brown transverse spots on hinder part ; edge of abdomen with a white line ; venter creased with white and brown. The M. E. equal and form a square ; lower M. E. nearer to the larger S. E. than to each other, eyes of the upper row at about equal distances. Two rows of four to six spines on under side of tibiae and metatarsi I and II. Male palpi with the two horny claws projecting from the center as in X. triguttatus and X. discursmis. Two males. Xysticus triguttatus Keys. Several males ; one has one of the upper M. E. only about one- sixth the size of the other. Xysticus nervosus, nov, sp. Plate III, figs. 8 and 8a. Plate IV, fig. 84. Total length 9 7- mm. Length of cephalothorax 3"2mm. breadth o'lmm. Length of sternum 2- mm. breadth l-5mm. Length of femur I 3-2mm. tibia I 2-5mm. Length of femur IV 2-5mm. tibia IV I'Smm. Distance between epigynum and spinnerets 2' mm. Cephalothorax light yellowish, sides mottled and veined with reddish-brown ; a narrow dark-edged stripe on head terminated behiud by a reddish point ; clypeus reddish-brown, in one case a light stripe between the two rows of eyes ; falces yellowish, darker toward the base ; mouth-parts, sternum, under side of coxje, femora and palpi light yellow, palpi darker above, rest of legs yellowish- brown, spotted with brown, and with tibia and metatarsi I and II 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. darker toward the tip. Abdomen reddish-brown with many faint white spots ; sides and venter reddish-brown ; spinnerets light yellow. Cephalothorax much higher in middle than in front; widest at middle ; clypeus vertical ; eyes in two curved rows ; the eyes of the upper row at about equal distances, and about equal in size ; the M. E. of the lower row, about as close to each other as to the much larger S. E.; the four M. E. make a quadrangle much wider than high ; the lower M. E. smaller and slightly closer to each other than the upper M. E.; abdomen rounded ; two rows of spines on tibise and metatarsi I and II, five to seven spines in each row ; epigynum consists of a cavity wider than long, somewhat triangular in outline, divided by a low septum. Total length $ 5- mm. Length of cephalothorax 2'4mm. breadth 2'4mni. Length of sternum I'lmm. breadth 1* mm. Length of femur I 3*4mm. tibia I 3' mm. Length of femur IV 21 mm. tibia IV l'6mm. Cephalothorax and appendages as in the 9 ; abdomen yellowish- brown, venter lighter ; three pairs of elongate reddish-brown spots on caudal part of dorsum ; a white band on the cephalic edge of each spot ; eyes as in the $ ; abdomen longer in proportion to size than in 9 . Net uncommon in meadows. Sept.; taken in copulation, Xysticus formosus, nov. sp. Plate III, fig. 9. „ Total length $ B-4mm. Length of cephalothorax 2'8mm. breadtli 2'8mm, Length of sternum l"4mm. breadth 1' mm. Length of femur I 3" mm. tibia I 2" ram. Length of femur IV 2* mm. tibia IV l"3mm. Distance l)etween epigynum and spinnerets 2' mm. Cephalothorax yellow-brown, darkest on head, with a median light line ; sides reddish-brown terminated behind by a darker brown spot ; margin nearly white ; clypeus yellow-brown ; base of hills of S. E. whitish ; mandibles and palpi reddish-brown ; legs darker red-brown, base of femora lighter, tarsus darkest ; sternum yellowish, darker on sides ; venter whitish, sides obliquely striped with brown; spinnerets reddish, dorsum white, with four pair of large triangular spots brown, somewhat connected with each other leaving a median serrated white stripe ; basal spots largest ; quad- rangle of M. E. broader than high ; four M. E. equally large ; upper S. E. larger than uj^per M. E. and a little smaller than lower 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57 S. E., which are very much larger than lower M. E.; eyes of upper row at about equal distances, lower row with M. E. closer to S. E. than to each other ; four pairs of spines on tibia I ; four to five pairs on metatarsus I ; three pairs on tibia II ; four pairs on meta- tarsus II. Rare, two specimens; one from woods west of Varna in March. Xysticus limbatus Keys. Two males. Xysticus quadrilineatus Keys. Plate III, fig. 10. Infrequent. Xysticus gulosus Keys. Plate III, figs. 7 and 7a. Infrequent, Six Mile Creek, Sept. Xysticus maculatus Keys. Not uncommon, Sept. This may not be this species; if not it is new. Oxyptila georgiana Keys. Plate III, fig. 11. Not uncommon, Inlet Marsh, Oct. Oxyptila conspurcata Thor. Plate III, fig. 12. Rare, Fall Creek in woods west of Varna, under leaves in March, Coriarachne versicolor Keys. Plate III, fig. 13. Common, under bark in winter. Misumena rosea Keys. Plate III, figs. 15, 15a. Several specimens. Misumena georgiana Keys. One specimen. Misumena foliata, nov. sp. Plate III, figs. 17, 17a. Total length 9 Length of cephalothorax 2* mm. Length of sternum 1" mm. Length of femur I 2'3mm. Lensrth of femur IV l-2mm. Distance between epigynum and spinnerets Cephalothorax white or slightly yellowish, with a light brown band each side not reaching to caudal margin, the cephalic ends connected through the eye-region by a broad reddish band, that frequently covers the whole clypeus ; eyes surrounded by white ; mouth-parts white with black hairs ; sternum white. Abdomen whitish, a red horizontal and two oblique bands each side; the 5 Plate II, fig. 3 7. 5" mm. breadth 2' mm. breadth 8* mm. tibia I l*8mra. tibia IV 9" mm. ;s I'Smm. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. latter often faint ; on front of dorsum a red spot ; caudal half of dorsum with two red stripes converging to meet just above the spinnerets ; venter and spinnerets light, the latter sometimes with a red spot at base. Markings on dorsum vary in quantity ; some- times the red spot on front of dorsum is connected with the two bands behind ; sometimes the red bands are so wide that the dorsum appears red with four white bands. Legs whitish, the metatarsi I and II usually a little darker; tibia I and II frequently with two red bands. Front of cephalothorax as high as in middle ; widest in middle ; lower row of eyes more curved than upper ; upper row of equal size ; M. E. slightly nearer each other than to the S. E. ; lower row about of the same size and at equal distances; the four M. E. forma quadrangle just as broad as high ; abdomen widest a little caudad of middle; sternum heart-shaped, almost as wide in front as in middle ; body and legs covered with bristles arising from reddish punctures; two rows of spines on tibise I and II, two to four spines in each row ; two rows of -five to six spines on metatarsi I and II. Total length Length of cephalothorax Length of sternum Length of femur I Length of femur IV Markings similar to the 9 $ l"8mm. •9mm. 2" mm. I'lmm. mm. ■75mm. 4 1 •75mm. 1"8 mm. •8 mm. breadth breadth tibia I tibia IV a little brighter ; the femur I and II with prominent red spots, patella and tibipe I and II with red bands. Common, Se2:)t., Oct. Misumena vatia Clerck. Common, May and Sept. Misumena placida, nov. sp. Total length Length of cephalothorax Length of sternum Length of femur I Length of femur IV 4'Smm. breadth l-9mm. breadth •75mm tibia I 1^8mm. tibia IV •6mm. 1^4mm. 9 juv. •2mm. !• mm. 2.5mm. 1* mm. Distance between epigynum and spinnerets Cephalothorax light yellow, with a band each side of reddish- yellow, reaching from the anterior margin and not quite to the pos- terior ; at end of head a small projection entad from each band; eye-region whitish ; clypeus a little reddish ; legs a light gray-yellow, distal joints a little redder. Abdomen a gray-white above and below; sternum and mouth-parts white; abdomen with many red- 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 dish punctures, each supporting a blackish hair. Area occupied by M. E. as long as broad, a little broader behind ; eyes of upper row of equal size, and at about equal distances; the lower M. E. equal the upper M. E. and are smaller than the lower S. E., to which they are no nearer than to each other ; abdomen pointed behind ; two rows of four to five spines on tibia I and II, two rows of six to seven spines on metatarsi I and II. One young specimen. Runcinia aleatorius Hentz. Plate III, figs. 18 and ISa. Thomisics aleatorius Hentz art of a larger area iu Pima County, explored by Mr, AV. E. D. Scott during a long residence in the Santa Catalinas. For a more thorough understanding of the region in question, and an excellent description of the natural characteristics of this part of Arizona, I cannot do better than refer to Mr. Scott's introductory paper " On the Avifauna of Pinal County," etc., published in the third volume of the " Auk." As in the previous list, those in the subjoined, indicated by an asterisk, are not re2)resented in the collection, no sjiecimens having been secured. *1. Anas strepera Linn. GadwalL While exploring the upper waters of the Santa Clara, four miles from Tucson, I found a duck feeding on the river and shot at it but failed to kill it. Shortly after it was secured by another gunner who was shooting in the vicinity and I was enabled to positively identify it. From Mr. Scott's account, it seems to be a rarity, even as a visitant, and this makes its occurrence in summer all the more noteworthy. ■ 2. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. Kare. *3. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron. A few noted in the valley. *4."Gallinula galeata (Licht.). Florida Gallinule. A pair seen on Silver Lake, near Tucson. ■■5. Fulica americana Gmel. American Coot. Also seen on the Santa Clara River. *6. Aegiahtis vocifera (Linn.). Kildeer. Kot uncommon in the Santa Clara Valley. 7. Callipepla squamata (Vig.). Scaled Partridge. Wherever found, the Scaled Quail was associated with Gambel's, both on the mesas and in the lower edge of the oak-belts. One was shot near the hotel at Oracle, but they rarely attain such an alti- tude, even in the breeding season, and are probably induced to wander awa3' from their usual haunts in search of water which is 11-i PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. very scarce in June. Around Tucson I saw none of this species and not until I reached the lower mesa slopes did any appear. At no time was I sure of finding them nntil fairly below the oak belt. In numbers they ranked far below C gambeli, not one in ten of all the partridges seen being squamata. 8. Callipepla gambeli (Nutt.). Gambel's Partridge. I did not meet with any flocks of this species in the valley. They are very abundant in the oak belt, ranging as high as the lower pines and at the time of my visit were leading about their families of young, which varied in size from the newly hatched chick to half grown birds. The male bird continues its harsh cry after the young have left the nest, and for sufficient reasons, too lengthy to be presented in this paper, I am convinced they are polygamous, whereas C. squamata is not. ■9. Cyrtonyx montezumae (Vig.). Massena Partridge. Three " Fool Quails " were noticed on the higher slopes of the Catalinas, one of them at an elevation of 7000 feet. The habits of the Massena Partridges are very dissimilar to those of the genus Callipepla, reminding one strongly of our eastern Bob- white in their aptness for quick concealment and sudden flight. ••■10. Meleagris gallopavo mexicana (iTould). Mexican Turkey. Owing to a disastrous fire in the Mt. Lemon region of the Cata- linas, this bird, once common, has wholly abandoned that part of the country. I did not see or hear of it elsewhere. 11. Columba fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. Found well dispersed throughout the oak and pine belts and breeding in the latter. All nests examined contained either a sin- gle young or egg. •■12. Columbigallina passerina pallescens (Baird). Mexican Ground Dove. A few seen in the Tucson suburbs. *'13. Pseudogryphus californianus (Shaw). California Vulture. I was informed by Mr. Jack Alwinkle, a ranchman at Oracle, that he shot a " Condor " several years ago, near the summit of Mount Lemon. It was perched on a huge rock some distance from their camp, was shot to test the range of his rifle, fell dead, and, after a careless examination, was thrown away. Besides these facts, and his assertion that it was "twice as large as a buzzard," my 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115 informant added that it was the only one he had seen since leaving California, where, as a cowboy, he had spent several years. This statement of an excellent hunter and reliable observer should entitle this species to a place in the avifauna of Arizona. *14. Cathartes aura (Linn.). Turkey Vulture. Fairly common up to 4000 ft. 15. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.). Cooper's Hawk. Several couples found breeding and young secured. 16. Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.). Western Red-tail. Common. A pair found as high as 8000 ft. 17. Buteo abbreviatus Caban. Zone-tailed Hawk. Some half-dozen noted, one at 9000 ft. elevation. A nest with two young Avas found in a caiion near Oracle in a juniper. *18. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson's Hawk. I came suddenly upon a pair of these Hawks sitting on the bank, at a bend in the Santa Clara, but they escaped before I could secure them. •■■19. Aquila cbrysaetos (Linn.). Golden Eagle. A pair were observed sitting on the crags which overlook the Caiion DeOro, above the trail to Mt. Lemon. 20- Falco Sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. Abundant everywhere. •■■21. Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.). Audubon's Caracara. Two were seen near Tucson and the species Avas occasionally noted near Oracle. ■••■22. Syrnium occidentale Xantus. Spotted Owl. On the opposite side of the Santa Clara valley at a point where there rises a rocky hill whose precipitous sides front the city of Tuscon, I found several of these owls. One pair was noticed perch- ing on some large boulders and though they were in the full glare of the sun they did not appear at all disconcerted. From the appearance of the surroundings it seemed that these boulders were their regular stands, and this was rendered more likely as a nest from which a brood had evidently been raised was afterwards found in the recesses of a narrow ledge below where they had been sitting, 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. 23. Megascops asio trichopsis (Wagl.). Mexican Screech Owl. A young bird of this variety about two-thirds grown, was found in the chaparral near Tucson. 24. Bubo virginianus subarcticus (Hoy). Western Horned Owl. Frequently heard but rarely seen. They are rare in the low- lands. ■•■■25. Micropallas whitneyi (Cooper). Elf Owl. Though said to be numerous, none were met with, 26. Geococcyx californianus (Less.). Road Runner. Found more abundantly near the oak-belt than in the vicinity of Tucson. I observed them also at a considerable distance above Oracle. •■27. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). Kingfisher. Very few noted around Tucson. 28. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (Cab.). Cabanis" Woodpecker. Found sparingly at 8000 feet elevation among the pines. 29. Dryobates scalaris bairdi (Scl.). Baird's Woodpecker. Common in the oak-belt and decreasing as you descend toward the plain. 30. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgw. Califomian Woodpecker. Found breeding from the oak-belt upwards, to 9000 feet eleva- tion. 31. Melanerpes uropygialis (Baird). Gila Woodpecker. Co-extensive with the giant cacti. 32. Colaptes cafer (Gmel.). Red-shafted Flicker. Only found in the pine woods and rare even there. 33. Colaptes chrysoides (Malh.). Gilded Flicker. Tolerably numerous in the valley, but none seen elsewhere. *34. Phalsenoptilus nuttalli (Aud.). Poorwill. Abundant, and breeding in the oak belt. 35. Cbordeiles texensis Lawr. Texan Nighthawk. I found these birds abundant in the immediate vicinity of Tucson. They frequented the niesquite in preference to more open tracts aud spent much of their time, even during the mid-day hours, in dash- ing about among the chaparral bushes for food, invariably lighting when tired in the shade of a bush or cactus. The song of this bird 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELVHIA. 117 has a wouderful resemblance to the distant hollow, rolling " whooooo " of Megascope. It is uttered by both sexes and whether they be on the ground or on the wing, the quality of these notes is so ventriloquial that I actually stumbled over three of the birds without taking notice of them, in the search for a supposed owl that I imagined 1 heard in a distant tree. On no occasion did they make any other sound which would show their intimate relationship to our C. virginianus. *36. Micropus melanoleucus (Bairtl). White-throated Swift. A pair of these birds were certainly breeding in the cliffs where I found Syrnium occidentale, though I could not, because of the nature of the ground, make thorough enough search to discover the where- abouts of their nest. I saw frequent companies of these birds in various places along the Santa Clara Valley, skimming the waters of Silver Lake and again sailing and twittering high in air, reminding one strongly, in both situations, of the Chimney Swift. The day of my ascent of Mount Lemon, several of this species were seen coursing about the summit in company with Violet-green Swallows. 37. Eugenes fulgens (Swains.). Rivoli Humming-bird. Soon after my arrival in the Catalina pine-belt I noted a large hummer, feeding among the yellow columbines of a little canon near the camp. I did not see it again until the day of my de- parture from the mountains, when I found it in the same place and upon shooting it found it to be an adult male of the above species. This is probably the most northerly record for the Rivoli Humming- bird and considering the time of its capture it seems quite likely that it was breeding in the vicinity. 38. Trochilus alexandri Boure. & Muls. Black-chinned Humming-bird. Very abundant in the Catalinas. One shot at Tucson and one at Oracle. The love antics of this bird are highly entertaining. Selecting an open space among the trees in the immediate vicinity of its nest the male starts from his perch among the willows utter- ing a shrill, continuous trilling note that bears a strange proportion in its tone and quickness to the varying rapidity of flight. Having reached the farthest limits of its chosen pleasure ground, at an elevation corresponding to that of the nearest tree-tops, it suddenly describes a headlong, parabolic curve, just grazing the ground and 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. rising with a diminishing cadence of voice and wings to the tree- tops on the opposite side where it repeats the manoeuvre, regaining its former position. These evolutions are kept up in rapid succession, sometimes as many as thirty flights being taken with scarcely a rest. The geometric exactness of the curves which are traced by the bird is astonishing. The nests of the Black-chinned Hummer are easily found, but my experience agrees with that of Mr. Scott regarding the scarcity of nests of the other hummingbirds wdiich inhabit the Catalina Mountains. 39. Trochilus platycercus Swains. Broad-tailed Humming-bird. A common l)ird, associating with the former. I found a pair building in an oak tree beside a dry water-course but did not discover the nest until I had killed the female, whose body con- tained a well-developed egg. 40. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird. Found breeding from the plains to within a few hundred feet of the pines. 41. Tyrannus vociferans Swains. Cassin's Kingbird. A few seen and two captured in the oaks near Oracle. 42. Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgw. Arizona Crested Flycatcher. This bird Avas not common. It was not seen at an elevation of a thousand feet above Tucson. 43. Myiarchus cinerascens Lawr. Ash-throated Flycatcher. Found well distributed and plentiful all the way from Tucson to t'le lower regions of the pine belt. 41. Sayornis saya (Bonap.). Say's Pliojbe. As uniforndy distributed as the former thougli more common in the oak woods. 45. Sayornis nigricans (Swains.) Black I'hcwbe. Seen only at Tucson and not common. 46. Contopus pertinax Cab. Coues' Flycatcher. Only noticed in the pine belt where they were the most abundant Flycatcher. 47. Contopus richardsonii (Swain=.). Western Wood Pewee. Seen only in the })ine but not common. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIIA. 119 48. Empidonax difficilis Baird. Western Flycatcher. Two nests with young and several mated jiairs were observed in the Catalina pines. 49. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.). Little Flycatcher. A pair were taken in a willow clump on the banks of the Santa Clara. They evidently had a nest but it was not found. 50. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus (Scl,). Vermilion Flycatcher. The greatest altitude at which I secured this Flycatcher was that of Oracle, nearly 6000 feet They were increasingly abundant as you neared the jjlains. 51. Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwight. Scorched Horned Lark. Horned Larks were not abundant, though I frequently observed small companies on the higher plains and mesas between Tucson and the oak belt. I succeeded in securing but one, a young bird, fully fledged. 52. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Baird). Long-cresttd Jay. This species was confined strictly to the pine belt during my stay. Its scolding is a peculiar combination of hiss, snarl and sneer. 53. Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse's Jay. Only three of these wary birds were noted, all within a mile of Oracle, in the oak belt. 54. Aphelocoma sieberi arizonae Ridgw. Arizona Jay. The strict coincidence of the range of this abundant species with the limits of the oak belt is as remarkable as that of the Long- crested Jay with the pines. 55. Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagl.). American Raven, Several Ravens visited the water tank and corral at Oracle daily, and I occa.sionally saw them soaring among the foothills. 56. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven. The above remarks equally apply to this species, with the differ- ence that the former generally betook themselves to higher altitudes while the latter departed down the nearest canon toward the San Pedro. 57. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmel.). Dwarf Cowbird. Numerous in the valley and occasional around Oracle. 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. 58. Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgw. Sonoran Red-wing '! These Blackbirds were fairly numerous along the water-courses of the .Santa Clara.^ 59. Icterus parisorum Bonap. Scott's Oriole. Frequently found leading their young among the oaks around Oracle and 1000 feet higher. A pair were also seen in the mesquite bordering the oak belt. 60. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgw. Arizona Hooded Oriole. ' While the range of this species extends from Tucson nearly up to the lower edge of Catalina pines it was nowhere so abundant as in the oak belt. 61. Icterus bullocki (Swains.). Bullock's Oriole, None seen in the Catalina region but abundant in the heavy chaparral of the Santa Clara Valley, where they breed. By imitating the cry of a young bird and concealing myself in the bushes I never foiled to bring a croAvd of these usually timid birds within easy range. 62. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch. Very abundant to near the lower pine limit; males singing, and young in every stage of growth. Some of their call notes, and their actions and habits in general, are very suggestive of Passer domesticvs. 63. Spinus psaltria arizonae (Coues). Arizona Goldfinch. Several rather large flocks were seen about Tucson and a small one in the oak belt; two specimens were secured. 64. Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swains.). Western Lark Sparrow. Found rather s])ariugly in the oak belt but nowhere else. 65. Junco cinereus palliatus Ridgw. Arizona Juneo. Breeding abundantly in the pine belt. 66. Amphispiza bilineata (Cass.). Black-throated Sparrow. Raneira directa, Hentz. Jour. B. S., Nat. Sci., V, PI. 31, fig. 21 ; and U. S. p. 119, PI. 1-3, fig. 21. 1847 Epeira rttbella Hentz Ibid, fig. 22 ; Ibid, p. 120, fig. 22. 1889 Epeira tetragnathoides Cambridge. Biolog. Cent. Am., Aran. p. 16, PI. viii. figs. 9, 1(». 1890 Epeira deludens Marx, in Hit, Catalg. p. 544. (Keyserling Die Spinn. Am. IV, Epeir.) 1890 Singa rubella (Hz.) Mr.rx. Ibid, p. 547. February 9. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Forty-six persons present. February 16. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Thirty jjersons present. Papers under the following titles were presented for publication : — A new Pycnogonum from the West Coast of the United States. By J. E. Ives. Birds collected by the West Greenland Expedition of 1891. By Witmer Stone. Anatomy of West Indian Helices. — Mr. H. A. Pilsbry stated that the genital system in the Helices belonging to the genus Cara- colus is characterized by its simplicity, resembling the North American genus Folygyra in this respect. It differs from this last in several points, notably in the presence of a flagellum upon the penis ; or, to speak more exactly, upon that slender continuation of the penis which gives rise to both the flagellum and the vas deferens. In Caracolus rostratus (PI. VI, figs. C, D) the flagellum (fl.) is very short; the duct of the spermatheca being likewise short. The jaw (PI. VI, fig. E) is stout, its central portion arching forward like a beak, with the suggestion of a median prominence to the cutting edge. It is completely devoid of ribs, although some other forms of Caracolus which are scarcely distinguishable specifically from this 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCE.S OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 one, are strongly odontognathous, another proof that this character is worthless for dividing genera or sections among the Helices. Caracolus (Lucerna) acutus (PI. VI, tig. A.) has a short flagellum, but much longer than that of C. rostratus. The duct of the sperraa- theca is long. The jaw (PI. VI, fig. B) has strong, unequal ribs. Hemitrochus (Placfiopfycha) salvatoris has the same type of jaw which Binney has described and figured for H. varians the typical species of Hemitrochus. In the present species, which belongs to the section Plagioptijcha, the jaw (PI. VI, fig. G) is highly arched, has a feeble median projection, and a group of faint vertical strise in the middle. The genital system (PI. VI, fig. F) is complicated by the presence of a large dart sac, several unequal accessory glands, (a. gl.) corresponding to the " digitate glands " of the restricted genus Helix {H pomatia, etc.). The penis (p.) is slender and tAvisted. It bears a long flagellum of the " whip-lash " type. I found no retractor muscle attached to the jienis, but I suppo.se that there is one. I have not commented on or figured the teeth of these forms, as Binney has already investigated those of numerous allied species. These few species serve to show the marked difference existing between the genital systems of the two main genera of West Indian Helices: — Caracolus and Hemitrochus. Explajiation of Plate VI. A. Genitalia of Caracolus (Liicerna) acutus Lam. drawn from a specimen collected by Wm. Fox, in Jamaica (Mus. No. of shell, 61,632.) B. Jaw of the same. C. Genitalia of Caracolus rostratus Pfr., (Cuba), obtained from a bunch of bananas. D. Same specimen, from the opposite side. E. Jaw of the same specimen. F. Genitalia, of Hemitrochiis (^Plagioptycha) salvatoris Pfr. Drawn from a specimen furnished by Wm. H. Dall. (Mus. No. of shell, 62,941). Wattlings Id., Bahamas. G. Jaw of the same individual. (P. penis, /f. flagellum, p. r., retractor penis, r. s. spermatheca, a. gl. accessory glands. February 23. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Thirty-two persons present. The death of Henry Walter Bates, a correspondent, February 17, was announced. The following were elected members : — 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Walter Horstmann, Charles S. Boyer, John M. Hutchinson, S. P]ralen Meigs and Simon J. Martin. Howard Ayres of Milwaukee was elected a correspondent. The following were ordered to be printed : — 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 NEW AND UNFIGTJRED UNI0NID3:. BY H. A. PILSBRY. Unio Qnintardii Cragin. I'l. Ylf, figs. 1, 2, 3. This plicate JJnio presents characters which separate it easily from the numerous Avaved species of the Mississippi basin. The sculpture consists of a series of superimposed Y-shaped waYes, the apices of the V's directed towards the beaks. There are some of the narrow, impressed furrows, crossing the waves at right angles, which form so prominent a character of the sculpture of Uiiio undv- lahis Barnes. The cuticle is dark -brown with occasional blackish streaks, as in other shells of the same group. The beaks are eroded and the nacre white. Other characters are shown in the figure, which is drawn from the original type. This species is from Salt Creek, a tributary of the Deep Fork of the Canadian river. Sac and Fox Reservation, Oklahoma Territory. A description of this shell was published by Prof. F. W. Cragin, in the Bulletin of the Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History, II, No. 8, p. 6, October, 1887. It has not before been figured. Unio Pilsbryi Marsh, Plate YIII, tigs. 7, 8. Like the last species, this is a member of the plicate group of L'niones. It is a decidedly compressed, oblong shell, black in color, having very distinctly marked lines of growth, which are spaced over the greater part of the disc, but become crowded on tlie lower margin. It has numerous oblique waves, which generally bifurcate indistinctly toward the posterior- lower end. The waves are more or less cut by short impressed furrows, as in U. undulatus, etc. The nacre is white and very thick anteriorly, but in the cavity of the valves and posteriorly it is thin and stained with blue and olive-green. The lateral teeth are also olive-green. This species was collected by Mr. Elwood Pleas in the Little Red River, Arkansas. It has been described by Mr. Wm. A. Marsh in the " Nautilus, " V. p. 1. Unio Pilsbryi is not closely allied to any other American species. It has a striking resemblance to Unio Leai Gray of China. Specimens, including the individual figured, are in the exhibit of United States shells in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Arconaia Provancheriana Pilsbry, PI. \'ir, figs. 4, 5, 6. This species has already been briefly noticed in these Proceedings, and a description has been published in the " Xautilus, " IV, p. 127. It may be compared in the degree and direction of twist to the variety of Arconaia contorta Lea, figured by Heude on PI. XV, fig. 32, of his " Conchyliologie fluviatile de la Province de Nanking et de la Chine Centi-ale, " a Chinese species. The locality of this species is not known positively, but it is supposed to be from China. The type is No. 63,094 of the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. The Arconaia Delaportei of Crosse and Fischer (Journal de Con- chyliologie, 1876, Pis. X and XI,) differs decidedly from the present form in outline, and in the winged extremities. A. Provancheriana may, indeed, prove to belong elsewhere than in Arconaia, as it is not at all produced at the ends, as are the species hitherto in- cluded in that genus or subgenus. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133 REPORT ON THE HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED IN WEST GREENLAND. BY WILLIAM J. FOX. The Hymenoptera enumerated in the present paper were col- lected by Messrs. Mengel and Hughes, Avho accompanied the Academy's recent expedition to West Greenland. The larger por- tion of the collection was made at Disco Island, in lat. 69° 10' and at McCormick Bay, Lat. 77° 40' while Herbert Island, Lat. 77° 30' contributes one specimen. The species of XemaUis de- scribed below was forwarded to Mr. C. L. Marlatt of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, a specialist to whom I am indebted for the description. My thanks are due Prof. Angelo Heilprin and lo Mr. E. T. Cresson for the opportunity of studying the collection. TEREBRANTIA. Nematus borealis Marlatt, n. sp. S — Black, including the tegulffi and trophi ; labrum, tip of abdo- men, tips of femora, tibise, tarsi except tips and posterior pair dull yellowish or resinous. Antennae moderately long and slightly flattened; joints three to five, nearly equal ; all coarsely punctured and faintly pubescent. Head more angular than is commonly the case in Xematus and resembling in this respect the genus Dolenis and in Nematus, N. concolor and particularly yapax ; when viewed from above, sloping regularly and considerably posteriorly ; sparsely pubescent ; region including ocelli abruptly elevated or shield-shaped — the posterior ocelli on border of shield and the anterior ocellus in the wide basin of the shield ; clypeus slightly emarginate, shining. Scutellum and lateral lobes of the mesothorax shining. Abdomen with central longitudinal ridge above on pos- terior half Wings perfectly hyaline, veins dark-brown, including costal to base ; stigma large, yellow ; second submarginal cell uni- form in width, i. e., not especially widened at first angle ; distan( e of first recurrent nervure from base of second cell not twice that of second from tip. Inner tooth of claw large but somewhat smaller than outer tooth. Length '25 inch (6mm.) Expanse "60 inch (14mm.) Described from a single $ from Disco Island, This species is allied to, but readily distinguished from concolor, rapax and labra- doris. 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Ichneumon discoensis n. sji. A specimen from Disco Island, August lOtli, does not agree with any of the species heretofore recorded from Greenland or Arctic America. The following description will aid in distinguishing it : Black ; the apical half of the femora, the tibise, tarsi, the apex of the first, the second and third entirely and the base of the fourth abdominal segments, above and beneath, and a spot on the scutelkim, reddish brown ; the tips of fore tibipe and the apical tarsal joints dark ; head and thorax clothed with short, black pubescence, finely and evenly punctured ; clypeus truncate ; antennae situated at a point opposite the middle of the eyes, much shorter than the body, entirely black, 38-jointed, the scape short and stout, hirsute beneath ; wings sub- hyaline, with a violaceous reflection, the nervures and stigma black ; metathorax strongly punctured, rugose on the sides, the posterior face enclosed by a very strong ridge, bicarinated ; the upper surface bears four ridges, the two inner ones by far the shortest, all four being connected with the ridge enclosing the posterior face ; at the top of the metapleurse there is another strong, curved ridge, which extends nearly to the posterior coxse ; femora finely punct- ured ; abdomen with fine close punctures, the third segment de- pressed at base. Length about ll*5mm. Exolytus ?p. ? A small species with the head and thorax black, the four anterior legs except the coxse and trochanters, the hind legs from the apex of the femora, all brownish. Disco Island, August 10th. Cryptus arcticus Schiodte. Four 9 specimens. Disco Island, August 10th., agree with the description of this species. ACULEATA. Bombus nivalis Dhlb. Two $ specimens. McCormick Bay, July 27th. Bombus derhamellus Tllig. Two $ specimens. Herbert Island, July 24th ; McCormick Bay, July 27th. Bombus sp. ? A specimen in very poor condition from Disco, June 27th, from present appearances seems to have had the prothorax, scutellum, 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 the first three and last two abdominal segments, dorsally, with yellow pubescence ; the inner side of first joint of posterior tarsi with brownish, glittering pubescence ; otherwise black. Bombus hyperboreus Dhlb. {=arcticus Kirby.) This species appears to have been the most abundant. In all four 5 and six $ specimens were obtained. Disco Island, June 27th., three 9 's, August lOth., six ^ 's. One specimen a female, has the yellowish pubescence much paler than in the other speci- mens of this sex. Bombus sp. ? Two $ specimens. Disco Island, August 10th. I have been unable to identify these specimens with any of the known species of Europe and America. The great variation to which representatives of this genus are subject and the lack of European material at hand, renders it unsafe to describe these as new. 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHELL IN THE COILED STAGE OF BACUL- ITES COMPRESSUS SAY. BY AMOS P. BROWN. In a former brief communication^ the writer lias noted the discovery of theyoungof the above species in some Cretaceous marl from near Deadwood, S. Dak., and has shoAvn that Bacnlites was coiled in its earlier stages. In the same communication the develop- ment of the suture is illustrated from a generalized Ceratite stage to the adult suture of B. compressus, thus fixing the species of these young forms. Since the above was communicated the writer has been engaged in the study of the development of the shell in the coiled stage and the results of these investigations are presented herewith. The coiled stage of the shell consists of two to two and one-half whorls, the diameter of this coiled portion being 0"8to 1" mm. The shell then passes at once into the straight form, either tangent to the spiral or somewhat reflexed in certain cases. By breaking the .shell back from the straight portion to the protoconch, the develop- ment of the shell was made out and the successive stages in this development observed. By an examination of the surface mark- ings of the shell the form and extent of the embryonic shell on leav- ing the egg — the first n?epionic stage — has been determined with considerable certainty. The protoconch appears on a front view broadly elliptical in out- line, being 0"55 mm. to 0"60 mm. in axial diameter by 0.45 mm. in vertical diameter; this axial diameter then diminishes in each suc- ceeding whorl and is not again attained until a length of several millimeters of the straight portion of the shell has been developed. Hence the rounded ends of the protoconch may generally be seen projecting beyond the succeeding whorls when the entire spiral portion of the shell is viewed edgewise. The suture line of the first septum is marked by the prominent narrow saddle over the siphuncle which determines that this form belongs to the Angusti- sellati of Branco. The remainder of the first septum is rather simply curved, the lateral saddles of the succeeding septa being per- haps represented by the slight lateral undulations that exist. Seen from the side the protoconch has the form shown in PI. IX, fig. 4, while jProc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1891, pp. 159-160. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137 the front view is shown in fig. 3. In this latter the form of the septum may be readily seen, and also the position of the siphuncle. It will be noticed that the perforation of the siphuncle is large (0*07 ram. in diameter), this diameter of the perforation remains quite constant throughout the spiral portion of the shell. The form of the first septum is lunate, 0'55 mm. broad by 0*15 mm. high and the lateral extremities reach to near the axis of the spiral. The next following septa have successively smaller lateral diameters and larger vertical diameters, so that the successive whorls become rapidly less and less enveloping. The form of the septa at the same time is gradually changing; the lunate form of the first septum gives place to a broadly elliptical form concave on the inner side ; this in turn passes into a more and more circular form, until it becomes completely circular in the straight portion of the shell. Thus Plate IX, fig. 8, shows the fourth septum to be 0-52 ram. broad by 0-21 mm. high, the total vertical diameter of the shell at this point being 0'56 mm. or about the same as the lateral. The seventh septum measures 0*47 mm. by 0'23 mm. high ; the thirteenth, Plate IX, fig. 7, measures 0-45 mm. broad by 0*28 mm. high. Finally the seventeenth septum, Plate IX, fig. 6, measures 0"50 mm. broad by 0'40 mm. high, showing that the minimum breadth has been passed, and in fact at about the fourteenth septum the breadth seems to be least. It will be noticed that the surface of contact between the inner and outer whorls rapidly diminishes from 0'55 mm. at the first septum to 0"2() mm. at the seventeenth septum, and thence rapidly to the straight portion which begins somewhere between the twentieth and twenty-fifth septa. This surface of contact may be readily traced on the inner whorls of the shell and these traces are indicated in Plate IX, figs. 6, 7 and 8. In the straight portion of the shell the form of cross section passes gradually from a circular to an ovoidal, laterally compressed form and finally in the adult into a somewhat triangular form, acute ventrally (the side on which the siphuncle is located) and flattened dorsally. The cross section of the shell is thus seen to be first lunate, laterally elongated ; then successively laterally elliptical, circular, laterally compressed, and finally somewhat triangular. These changes up to the circular form take place very rapidly ; the succeeding changes from the circular form to the triangular form are very gradual. In this respect the shell shows very rapid development in the spiral stage and gradual development on quite new lines in the 10 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. straight stage. It is also to be noted in this connection that some other species of Baculites, as J5. ovatus Say, B. aneeps Lam., have a circular or ovate cross section in the adult stage,and probably pass through the same changes as the species under discussion in their earlier stages up to the circular cross section but retain this circular or ovate cross section in the adult. An examination of the suture lines as represented in PI. IX, fig. 9, will show quite rapid development here too, but probably not more than is common to all of the Ammonitidje. As is usual the form of the second suture is entirely different from that of the first. The ventral lobe in the second suture is well marked, the first lateral saddle is here quite broad, the first lateral lobe is acute, and a por- tion of the second lateral saddle is shown. The ventral lobe of the third suture is a straight line on the end ; in the fourth the narrow ventral saddle, which is located over the siphuncle, first appears. The lateral lobes of the third suture are rounded instead of acute as in the second suture and in each succeeding suture the lobes and saddles become more rounded and deeper until they are deeper than broad. During this period of its development the shell may be said to be in the Cloniatite stage which persists throughout the spiral shell and as far as about the 30th septum, when the second- ary lobes begin to appear at the ends of the lateral saddles and the shell passes into what might be called the Ceratite stage. This Ceratite stage then rapidly gives place to the typical Ammonite stage iu which both the lateral lobes and saddles become divided at their ends. PI. IX, fig. 9, illustrates the development of the suture from the initial to the Goniatite stage. Its development in the Cera- tite and Ammonite stages has been illustrated in my former com- munication on this species already referred to above. The comple- tion of the second lateral lobe and dorsal saddle has probably already taken place on the surface of contact between the protoconch and the first whorl as early as the second suture, though it does not appear on the free surface until the sixth suture has been reached. Owing to the difficulty of handling these exceed- ingly minute and friable pieces of the shell broken off in displaying the inner whorls and the protoconch no attempt has been made to observe the form of suture on this surface of contact between the inner and outer whorls, but from examining the front view of the septa as they were successively exposed, it was found that the main features of the lobes and saddles first develop on this surface of con- 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 tact and then appear from the inner .side of the whorl on the free outer surface, being exposed by the uncoiling of the shell. The total number of main lobes and saddles of the adult shell is ap- parently developed at the second septum, and the further develop- ment of the suture consists in the formation of secondary lobes and saddles, appearing as complexities of the primary or r^ain ones. Of these secondary folds of the suture, the first to appear is the narrow ventral saddle at the fourth suture, and probably also the narrow dorsal lobe is formed but little later, for both are about equally well marked when the shell passes into the straight form. The fact that the adult number of lobes is developed at the second septum is an evidence of cataplastic development, the adult number of lobes in the suture being usually developed at a much later stage in the normal coiled Ammonites. But in other uncoiled and degenerate forms the niepionic lobes are retained throughout their development and are not added to in the adult stages. The outer nacreous shell when preserved is found to be marked by minute tuberculations of irregular shape; these in turn give place to the parallel curved lines seen in the adult shell. These parallel lines first appear about the fourteenth septum, and they soon completely obscure the tuberculation. Between the first and second sutures there is apparently an interruption in the growth of the shell, appearing as a line resembling a suture line, PI. IX, fig. 10. This line seems to be slightly raised above the general shell sub- stance; it extends over the end of the ventral lobe of the second suture and back in a simple curve to near the lateral ends of the first suture. In breaking away the nacreous shell substance to show the sutures, the break nearly always follows this line, leaving the protoconch covered by the original shell. Over the area thus left of the original shell substance the tuberculations are found to be more circular in outlineaud closer together than in the succeeding portions of the shell. It is believed that the portion of the shell thus bounded represents the original embryonic chamber, or protoconch PI. IX, fig. 5, which would thus extend beyond the point where the first septum was subsequently developed. A section in the plane of the spiral, but not quite median, PI. IX, fig, 11, showed the shell to be composed of successively deposited layers, and the first of these was seen to extend a short distance beyond the first septum, thus tending to confirm the above belief. It thus seems probable that the outer limit of the protoconch lies between the first and second 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. septa, as shown in PI. IX, fig. 10, The edge of this supposed em- bryonic shell is seen to be finely crenate, but not regularly so, the crenatures being larger in some parts than in others. On breaking away the outer shell of the protoconch this line still persists and it might readily be mistaken for a suture line, if it did not overlap the lobe of the second suture. The section of the shell in the plane of the spiral above referred to shows that there is no septum at this point, but there is apparently a slight thickening of the shell sub- stance. The protoconch, as seen in this section in the plane of the spiral, PI. IX, fig. 11, is quite large and nearly circular, and of the gen- eral form common to all of the Ammonoidea. The section not being quite median the siphuncle is not shown, and the septa do not present exactly the same form as they would in a median section. Only one such section was ground on account of scarcity of material to work on, but this one shows the structure to be that of the Ammon- oidea in general. The septa were equally spaced, or nearly so, up to the twelfth, from which point they are successively more widely spaced. It is to be noted that at about this point the lateral con- traction of the shell ceases and the gradual increase in lateral diameter begins, apparently indicating a change in the conditions of the life of the animal. After considerable investigation I have been unable as yet to trace the phylogeny of this species. A careful examination of the development of the shell in the earlier stages of Scaphltes conradi Morton, a form associated with the young of Baculites in this same material, showed that the Scaphites must have been derived from a totally different stock, and cannot be related to Baculites. Nor do the adult suture lines of the two forms show much resemblance to each other. An interesting point was developed, hoAvever, in the study of the young of the Scaphites, which tends to confirm my observation on the extent of the first embryonic shell as shown in PI. IX, fig. 5. A very successful median section of Scaphites conradi in the plane of the spiral showed a thickening of the shell at the termination of the first layer, Avhich is between the first and second septa as in Baculites, this thickening indicating an interruption in the growth of the shell such as might be expected on the emerging of the young from the egg. But this correspondence in the extent of the embry- onic shell does not indicate a relation between the two forms, it being a character probably common to all Ammonites. Indeed, 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 141 judging from the adult characters alone, this Bacxdites is much more closely related to the forms grouped under the genus Ancy- loceras, and as far as the young of Ancyloceras has been described it seems to be closely related to Bacxdites. On comparing the adult sutures of B. compressus with Ancyloceras jenneyi Whitf, the simi- larity is very marked. Lack of suitable material has prevented my examining the young of Ancyloceras, but I would suggest that to the genera Ancyloceras, Grioceras, and related forms with completely separate whorls we are to look for the nearest relatives of Bacidites. These forms, like Baculites, have become uncoiled at a very early stage; their adult sutures are very similar, and the main diflerence lies in the degree of straightening of the shell. Indeed in Baculites the shell is not strictly rectilinear but there is usually a slight curvature towards the dorsal side. While then the relations of this form are still in doubt, it is hoped that the facts presented in this paper may go far towards unravelling the phy- logeny of Baculites. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. Fig. 1. Young of Bacuh'fes cor/i/>ressiis S.\y, xh). Fig. 2. Proioconch seen from above, x45. Fig. 3. Protoconch front view, x45. Fig. 4. Protoconch side view, x45. Fig. 5. Embryonic shell of first mijpionic stage, side view, x45. This is proba- bly the shell possessed by the animal on leaving the egg. Fig. 6. Front view at the seventeenth septum, showing cross section of the whorl, x2o. In this and the two succeeding figures the dotted lines indicate the extent of the surface of contact between this portion of the shell and the succeeding whorl. Fig. 7. Front view at thirteenth septum, x2o. Fig. 8. Front view at fourth septum, x25. Fig. 9. The first six suture lines, x35. Fig. 10. Side view of protoconch and first six septa, showing outline of the first naepionic stage, x40. Fig. 11. Cross section of shell in the plane of the spiral showing two septa and the imbricated layers of growth, xlOO. 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. A NEW SPECIES OF PYCNOGONUM FROM CALIFORNIA. BY .1. E. IVES, In a collection of Crustaceans and Echinodernis from San Diego, California, recently sent to me for determination by Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit, there is an apparently iindescribed species of Fycnogonu7n. It is of especial interest owing to the fact that only a single species belonging to the group of the Pantopoda has been described from the Pacific Coast of North America.^ Although only two species are thus now known from the We^-t Coast it is probable that it will be found in the future that a number of species exist on these shores. Professor Edmund B. AVilson- has enumerated fifteen species from the New England waters, and it is possible that as many may be found upon the Pacific Coast. Five specimens were sent by Mr. Stearns. As none of them possess ovigerous legs I presume they are all females. The species has been named after the collector. To the liberality of the same gentleman I am indebted for the preparation for publi- cation of the accompanying plate. The species may be characterized as follows : Pycnogonum Stearnsi n. sp. Body broad and flat. Lateral processes with scarcely any inter- val between them. Proboscis sub-cylindrical, slightly swollen in its anterior half, but contracting somewhat at its extremity, about one-third the total length of the body. Each cephalothoracic segment with a prominent tubercle dorsally in the median line on the posterior border and a somewhat smaller tubercle on the outer edge of each lateral process ; first segment about two-thirds of the length of the proboscis, with a not very broad, slightly constricted neck ; second, third and fourth segments respectively equal to about two-thirds of the length of the first ; posterior borders of the segments slightly elevated. Oculiferous tubercle bluntly conical ; eyes black, small, nearly equally spaced ; the posterior pair slightly further apart than the anterior pair. '^ Amniothea longicatidata Stimpson, from Puget Sound, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 159.) ^Report U. S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, 1878 (1880.) 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 148 Abdomen clavate, truncated at its extremity, slightly swollen in the middle. Legs stout ; first or basal joint bi'oad, rather broader antero-pos-, teriorly than the lateral processes of the segments, with the appear- ance of a dorsal notch on its outer edge due to the close approxima- tion of two dorsal tubercles ; second joint rather smaller than the first ; third rather smaller than the second ; the three joints together in the third ambulatory leg about as long as the proboscis ; fourth strongly developed, about two-thirds of the length of the proboscis proximal half of the ventral surface considerably swollen, and a single rather weakly developed dorsal tubercle at its distal extrem- ity ; fifth about equal in length to the fourth, but more slender; sixth rather shorter than the fifth ; seventh very short, sub-triangu- lar ; eighth about as long as the sixth ; ninth about two-fifths of the eighth. Fifth, sixth and eighth joints Avithout tubercles ; two or three bristles upon the distal dorsal surface of the sixth ; a few fine hairs upon the ventral surface of the seventh, and a few bristles upon ventral surface of the eighth. No auxiliary claws. Color in alcohol, yellowish-brown. Length of body of the largest of the five specimens, from the ex- tremity of the proboscis to the extremity of the abdomen, H mm. Three of the type specimens have been given by Mr. Stearns to the museum of the Academv and two of them are in his own col- lection. This species appears to be mostly nearly allied to Pycnogonum I'Utorale Strom, differing from it among other characters, however, markedly in the shape of the proboscis, which in the latter species is conical, and in Pycnogonum Stearnsi sub-cylindrical. A list of the species o^ Pycnogonum hitherto known is appended.^ P. littorale Strom. Coasts of the North Atlantic ocean and adjacent seas.^ ^In this list Astridium (^Pycnogonuvi) orientale Dana, from Balabac Strait (U. S. Expl. Exped., vol. xiii, p. 1391, pi. 96, figs. 2 a, b, c,) has not been included, as it probably represents a distinct genus. ^Philippi's (Archiv. f. Naturg., 1843, ix Jahrg. p. 175) record of this species from Naples I consider to be exceedingly doubtful, as Professor Dohrn did not find it there. Philippi probably mistook one of the two species described from that place by Professor Dohrn for this species. I am also very skeptical in regard to the species described under this name from Chili by Nicolet (Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chili, Zool., T. Ill, p. 308; Atlas, pi. IV, fig. 8). If a species of Pycnogonutn is found on the coast of Chili it is almost absolutely certain that it is not P. littorale. If the figure given by Nicolet is correct, it must be a species distinct from P. littorale. 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OK [1892. Var tentte Slater (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. Ill, p. 283). Japan. P. auitrale Grube (Jahresb. der schles. Ges. f. vateri. Cultur, 1869, p. 54.) Australia. P. nodulosum Dohrn (Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, III, pp. 203-207, Tal. XVI, Fig. 1-3, 1881). Mediterranean (Naples). P.pusillum Dohrn (Op. cit. pp. 207-210, Taf. XVI. Fig. 4-8). Mediterranean (Naples.) P. crassirostre Sars (Den Norske Nordliavs-Expedition, XX, pp. 12-14, 1891.) Norwegian Coast, Iceland. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fig. 1. Pycnogonum Stearnsi, n. sp., dorsal surface, much enlarged. Fig. 2. Right side of the trunk. Fig. 3. Ventral surface of the trunk. Fig. 4. Postero-dorsal surface of the third ambulatory leg on the left side, much more enlariie i. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 145 BIRDS COLLECTED BY THE WEST GREENLAND EXPEDITION. BY WITMER STONE. The collection of birds herein described was obtained June 26 to August 11, 1891, by the West Greenland Expedition under com- mand of Prof. Angelo Heilprin. The specimens were collected by Dr. William E. Hughes, Ornithologist of the Expedition, and Dr. Benjamin Sharp, Zoologist-in-Charge, the principal localities where collecting was carried on being Disco Island, Duck Island (Lat. 73° 57' N.), Melville Bay, Cape York, and McCormick Bay (Lat. 77° 43' N.). Twenty-one species are represented in the Greenland collection which numbers 147 specimens and there are in addition 16 speci- mens obtained at Sydney, Nova Scotia, Gulf of St. Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle. jNIost of the birds collected w^ere in full breeding plumage and were undoubtedly on their breeding grounds. In the following list I have given the results of careful measurements of all the speci- mens, and notes in regard to peculiarities of plumage, etc. 1. Cepphus grylle ;L). Black Guillemot. Only one specim.^n of this bird was procured, a male shot on the Waigat, Disco Island, August 8. The wing measures 6*50 inches and the culmen 1*44 inches. 2. Cepphus mandtii (Licht) Mandt's Guillemot. Specimens of Mandt's Guillemot were collected in Melville and McCormick Bays and the series obtained shows considerable varia- tion in plumage. One is uniform black while the others are some- what speckled with white feathers below and have many of the feathers of the interscapular region tipped with white. The white wing coverts in these specimens have distinct black tips and some of them are slightly dusky at the extreme base. These mottled birds are possibly one or two years old and the uniform black garb may not be acquired for several years. Three nestlings, measuring about six inches in length, are in the collection. They are covered with long and very soft dull black down. The bills have a small white conical projection near the extremity of the upper mandible. 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. The feet of the adults were briglit red in life, while those of the you no; were black. Three adult females measure as follows :' Acad. Collec. Length (in flesh.) Wing. Culmen. No. 26,898 1318 ins. 6-30 ins. 114 ins. 26,899 13-37 6-2o 116 26,900 13o0 6-32 110 3. Uria lomvia (Linn). Briinnich's Murre. Four immature specimens of this species taken in the Strait of Belle Isle, June 15, measure as follows: Acad. Collec. Length (in flesh.) Wing. Culmen. No. 26,887 lo-37 ins. 825 ins. 144 ins. 26,888 16 85 8-00 1-46 26 889 8-50 1 47 26 890 8-25 1-32 Two adult females in breeding plumage taken in Melville Bay, July 7 and 13 are as follows : Acad. Collec. Length (in flesh.) Wing. Culmen. No 26,891 16-75 ins. 8-35 ins. 1-40 ins, 26,892 15-37 7-90 1-38 4. Alle alle (Linn). Little Auk, Dovekie. A series of forty-seven Little Auks is contained in the collection, most of which were shot off Cape York, July 22 and 23. The birds are all in full breeding jjlumage and show scarcely any variations in markings. Measurements of forty specimens (19 males and 21 females) give the following results: Maximum. Males. Wing 484 ins. Culmen -66 Length (in flesh) 9 25 Females. Wing 4-88 Culmen -61 Length (in flesh) 920 5 Stercorarius pomarinus (Temin.) Poraarine Jaeger. One specimen was shot on the AVaigat, Disco, Aug. 7. The measurements are as folloAvs: Wing 13-75 inches. Culmen 1-63 inches. Tail 6 inches. 6. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn). Parasitic J-aeger. This .species was not noticed by the Expedition, but a dried skin was procui-ed from the natives at Godhaven which seems referable 'AH measurements of "length" were taken in the flesh by Dr. Hughes, to whom I am indebted for them. The other measurements were made from the dried skins, the length of culmen being from its extreme base to tip of upper mandible unless otherwise stated. All dimensions are in inches and hundredths. Minimum. Ave rage of series. 4-35 i ins. 4-66 ins. •55 •59 8-36 8-75 4-42 4-67 •52 •56 8-25 8-56 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 to it. The bill is much heavier than any of the specimens of S. longicuudns, the plumage above is decidedly more sooty and the tarsi are entirely uniform in color with the feet. The two species are, however, very difficult to separate owing to the great amount of individual variation which they exhibit. The specimen of S. parasiticus measures as follows: Wing 12-85 inches. Culmen 1-27 inches. Tail 8-05 inches. 7. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. Long-tailed Jaeger. The specimens of Long-tailed Jaegers, all of which were collected July 16 in Melville Bay, show great variation in plumage and no two in the series of seven are exactly alike. All have the tarsi blue-gray strongly contrasted with the black feet, though the light color sometimes terminates above the small hind toe and sometimes extends below it to the upper part of the foot. No. 26,909, (Acad. Coll.), female, appears to be most typical of the adult bird. The plumage in this specimen is nowhere barred or mottled; the throat and breast are pure white passing gradually into slate gray about the middle of the abdomen, and this color becomes darker on the under tail coverts. On the sides of the breast the gray reaches forward to the shoulders, while the under wing coverts are blackish slate. The back is slate gray, darker on the wings ; the primaries and tail are black. In No. 26,905, female, the gray reaches farther up on the breast and the central tail feathers are not so long. In No. 26,904, female, (du.sky phase ?) the whole lower surface is suifused with sooty gray, though this color is not uniform, as there are a considerable number of white feathers scattered over the breast. The upper surface is mottled with slate-gray and dusky feathers. The under tail coverts and flanks are transversely barred with white but the under wing coverts are plain dark slate. No. 26,903, female, shows distinct traces of dark transverse bars over the lower breast and abdomen, and has dark shaft lines to the feathers of the throat. Most of the under tail coverts are barred with white and the under wing coverts are barred and mottled. No. 26,907, male, is similar but has the breast pure white while the barrings on the under wing and tail coverts, sides and flanks are very distinct. The throat is very strongly marked wdth dusky shaft stripes while many of the feathers of the back show trans- verse bars of Avhite. 148 PROCEKDrXGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Other specimens are like the mature white-breasted birds but still have the under wing coverts and axillaries barred. As none of the specimens above described were birds of the year it is reasonable to suppose that it takes at least two years for the species to acquire the full adult plumage. The great variety of coloration exhibited by these Jaegers makes it difficult to arrange them in any order which will show the steps in the transition from young to old. It seems to me most probable that the normal plumage of the bird of one year is shown by No. 26,907, while the young "bird of the year" doubtless shows still more barring, per- haps even on the breast. As this bird appi'oaches the adult stage (i. e. No. 26,909) the barrings are gradually replaced by uniform slate gray. The specimen No. 26,904 may, I think, represent a partial dusky phase as the suftusion of sooty feathers on the under surface is very decided, much more so than in any of the young birds, with which I at first placed it. The dusky feathers moreover, do not form transverse bands as in the young birds and the under wing coverts are uniform slate colored like those of the adults. The under tail coverts are, however, still barred with white. Iftiiis really represents a dusky phase, it seems to be the first recorded instance of it in this species, though it occurs regularly in the closely related iS. parasitmis. If, however, we consider this as a young bird it would indicate that the adult plumage is assumed very differently by different individuals, as there is another specimen which has not a trace of dusky marks on the breast but which has the under wing coverts strongly barred. The measurements of the specimens are as follows : Acad. Collec. No. 2(5,905 female 2ti,903 2(i,902 26,90-1 2(i,9(l6 2H.909 26,907 male 8. Gavia alba (Gunn.) Ivory Gull. A series of eight males of this beautiful species was collected in Melville Bay, July 6 to 17. Some of the specimens, probably younger birds, have dusky tips to the primary coverts. Wing. Culmen. Tail. 12-35 ins. 1 10 ins. 10-60 ins 12-20 122 11-35 11-80 115 8-90 12-30 1-13 7-25 12-45 1-30 10 25 1210 1 15 12-25 12-25 115 9-60 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 The nieasuremeuts of the series give the following results: Maximum. Minimum. Average. Length (in flesh) 20-36 ins. 18-25 ins. 19 36 ins Wing 13-40 12-70 13-06 Culmen 1-59 1-40 1-52 9. Rissa tridactyla (Linn). Kittiwake, Two specimens of Kittiwake were collected July 16, in Melville Bay, Lat. 75° 09' N. They measured as follows: Acad. Collec. Length (in flesh.) Wing. Culmen. No. 26,022 16-75 ins. 12-10 ins. l-3o ins, 26,923 17-00 11-75 1-39 10. Larus glaucus Brunn. GIouoous Gull. One specimen shot at Disco Island. 11. Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.) Fulm.ir. Eight Fulmars are in the collection, all obtained in Melville Bay, July 7 to 13. Five are in the white phase of plumage and three in the gray phase. They all seem to be typical F. glacialis, the measurements being as follows : Acad. Collec. Length (in flesh.) Wing. Culmen. No. 26,929 white female 18-00 ins. 12-25 ins. 1-38 ins 201,933 12-70 1-36 26,931 white male 18-62 12-70 1-38 26 930 18-50 12-60 1-40 26.924 19-50 13-10 1-45 26,928 gray female 1800 12 85 1-32 26,925 gray male 19.25 1300 1-37 26,926 19-00 13-20 1-44 12. Somateria mollissima borealis Brehm. Greenland Eider. Five male Eider Ducks and an equal number of females were collected at Duck Island, Lat. 73° 57' N., July 2. They appear to be referable to S. mollissima borealis Brehm, but the measurements of the bill are rather different from those given in Ridgway's Manual. In the key to species on page 109 this race is placed in a division with the true S. mollissima headed "Distance from anterior point of loral feathering to extremity of naked angle on side of forehead much greater than from same point to Lip of upper mandible." In the present series, however, the reverse is the case or else the two measurements are about equal. As these specimens were taken in the upper part of Baffin Bay, they represent the extreme northwestern form of the S. mollissima stock and are farthest removed geographically from typical S. mollissima. It is, therefore, not surprising that they should exhibit the greatest differences from the typical S, mollissima and it is probable that 1,3J PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. specimens from fartlier south will be found to appi'oach true S. mol- lissima in the dimensions of the bill as well as in other respects, in proportion as their breeding range approaches that of the latter race. The measurements of the five breeding males are as follows : Naked Bill from angle from Bill from anterior anterior posterior edge of edge of Length (in end of loral loral Acad. Collec. flesh.) Wing. nostril. feathers. feathers. \o. 26,934 11-56 ins. 1-67 ins. 1.50 ins. 1-36 ins. 26,935 23-38 ins. 11-50 1-60 1-46 1-42 26.936 23-50 11-28 1-52 1-50 1-37 26,942 23-62 11-20 1 46 1-48 1-32 26,943 23-62 1125 1-62 1-55 1-41 13. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.) King Eider. Three specimens obtained in the vicinity of Disco, June 26 and 28, and August 7. 14. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.) Northern Phalarope. Three specimens were j^rocured at Disco Island, June 28 and 29, and Aug. 11. 15. Tringo maritima Brimn, Purple Sandpiper. One specimen was shot at Duck Island, July 2, and four more at Disco, August 9 to 11. 16. Aegialitis hiaticula (Linn.) Ring Plover. Specimens were procured at Disco and Godhaven. Measurements of some of the specimens are as follows : Disco Acad. Collec. No. 26,960 26,958 26,954 26,955 June 28. Aug. 11. July 8. Aug. 11. Wing. Culmen. 4-50 ins. •56 in. 4-52 ■55 5-06 •56 4-90 •54 17. Lagopus rupestris reinhardti (Brehm.) Greenland Ptarmigan. A female and three young nearly full grown were collected at Disco Island, July 8, ana two adult males Avere obtained at the same place, August 7. All the specimens are in the summer plumage though one ot the males shows a few^ white feathers on the upper breast. 18. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.) Gyrfalcon. One specimen obtained from the natives at Disco. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151 19. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.) Snow Bunting. There is a series of twelve Snow Buntings in the colleetiou, including breeding males and females, moulting specimens, and young in the first plumage. Two young birds were collected at McCormick Bay, July 29, an adult male at Upernavik, July 1 and the rest at Disco, June 28 and 29 and August 11. The breeding birds sliow very distinctly the process of moulting by the wearing away of the brown tips of the feathers. All the feathers of the back are very much pointed in the middle and cut away or concave on the sides, all the rusty borders which charac- terize the winter specimens being worn off. Some specimens, how- ever, show ragged remains of these borders on the coverts and tertials. Two young birds of the year from McCormick Bay are strongly tinged with buff on the lower back and rump as well as on the under surface, while a young bird from Disco is much grayer. Adult birds collected August 11 at Disco are all well advanced in their moult and the lower mandible is yellow instead of black as in the breeding bird. The brown edgings to the feathers are rich chocolate, very distinct from the faded buff brown of winter examples from Pennsylvania. It is interesting to note that all but one of the adult birds collected at Disco, August 11, have the wing and tail feathers com- pletely grown and have about half the other feathers replaced by the brown edged plumage, while birds of the year taken at the same time and place have the wing feathers only partly grown and have not begun to moult elsewhere. This fact may be of interest to students of bird migration as it shows that the old birds were at least ready for the southern journey before the young. The measurements of the breedins: birds are as follows : Acad. CoUec. Wmg. Culmen the nectary. The mouth of the tube is so densely matted with hair, that Faux clausa is the term used in the description of the species by Latin authors. If a pollen- clothed tongue were thrust through the mass, it would be thoroughly cleaned, and in like manner the flower's own pollen would be brushed back, when the insect withdrew its tongue. But a greater difficulty presents itself The capitate stigma with its surrounding rim, com- pletely fills the upper portion of the tube. There is no space for an insect's tongue to get past the stigma. But even could this rubicon be passed, a dense mass of hair presses close against the style, and the most powerful insect known to the writer, could hardly force a passage. The entrance of insects is completely blocked. To provide for pollination, the anthers curve over and rest on the stigma, and the pollen on ejection from the anthers, can do no more than cover the stigma with their own pollen. In many plants which have flowers that are generally fertilized by their own pollen, the arrangements will often permit of pollina- tion from some other; but in the case of this ^msom'o, nothing but self-pollination is possible. To those who may not have flowers for comparison, the figure of this plant in " Botanical Register," Plate 151, will aid in making some of the above noted points clear. On a special form of Cleistogamy in Polygonum acre. In a paper published in the Proceedings of the Academy (1889, p. 59,) I pointed out that in almost all — probably in all cases, the fer- tile flowers were pollinized in the bud in all the species of Polygonum that I had had the opportunity of examining: that they were really cleistogamous. There are two classes of flowers in the inflorescence. Many expand and are to all appearance hermaphrodite, w^th all their sexual organs perfect, but infertile ; another class never opens, but are invariably fertile. In May, 1890, I noticed a quantity of P. acre in a swamp in Chester County, Pennsylvania, with a short and close habit. The leaves were shorter and broader, and the ochrea shallower than usual. Small wliite flowers Avere protruding above the sheaths, and I suspected I had found a new species in the section with axillary flowers. But on examining P. acre in other localities, I found, in every case, flowers hidden under the ochrea from even the lowest axil on the branch. It was the shallowness of the ochrea 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. in the form I found, exposing the flowers, that led to the discovery. Since then I have examined herbarium specimens from a very wide range of territory, and find these hidden flowers always with this species, and in many cases giving such a gland-like character to the base of the ochrea that it is inconceivable how the production of these flowers should have been overlooked so long. I gathered some specimens in the streets of Washington, and showed them to the members of the American Association in attendance there ; and Mr. T. H. Kearney, Jr., of the University of Tennessee, has since confirmed the discovery by a note in the November issue of the Botanical Gazette. He found them in Knoxville, Tenn., as late as Sept. 24th. His excellent drawing, accompanying his note, shows the cleistogene flowers are much closer down among the roots than I found them. Mr. Kearney could find them in no other species, nor have I been able to do so. A close examination of many in the large herbar- ium of the Academy, gave no indications of this tendency in any other species. As already noted there seems no fertile flowers in any Polygonum, except from cleistogene flowers at the apex of the branches. This species has them specially in the axils as well as in the terminal spikes. In examining a large number of specimens in herbaria in connec- tion with this question, it is interesting to note how often P. acre is confounded with P. Ilydropiper. For all the differences noted in our botanies, I think they are more closely related than supposed. I once thought I could easily decide the differences by the seeds, but I have not unfrequently found flattish seeds in P. acre, that could not be distinguished from the usual flattish seeds of P. Ilydropiper. In forms, however, that we would certainly refer to the latter species, no tendency to the axillary cleistogamous flowers can be detected. On the direction of growth in Cryptogamic Plants. No one has yet been able to present an explanation of the direc- tion of growth in flowering plants, that will stand the test of criticism. Growth lias a general upward tendency, though in the same tree we have varying directions. INTany Conifene have one perfectly vertical central stem or leader, while the side branches may be wholly horizontal, or at various angles uniform in each species. Occasionally individuals will vary from the normal line of direction, and present angles wholly different from that jjrevailing 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHTA. 165 in the accepted characteristic of the species. Then we have the so- called fastigiate varieties, as in the Lombardy Poplar, — or in trees with pendulous branches, as in many trees of gardens known as weeping forms. To say that branches are geotropic or heliotropic does not teach us anything, they only repeat the actual fact; nor do any of the terms commonly used in mathematical or physical explanations of the supposed cause. Some observations I have made in connection with mushrooms are worthy of recording. They do nothing to elucidate the mystery, but they gain for us the certainty that many partially accepted conclusions are wrong, and it is always an advantage to be able to limit the circle in which we have to search. I found a quantity of edible mushrooms growing on the sides of a newly made terrace the face of which had an angle of about 34°. The stipes of the mushrooms pushed out at an exact right angle with the plane of the slope ; but about midway the stipe bent upwards, so that the pileus or crown of the mushroom, instead of being parallel to the slope of the bank had, in a great measure, be- come horizontal. As the growth of the mushroom is mainly or only at night, light could have had no influence in determining this direction of stipe or pileus, — nor, it will surely be conceded, could any- thing connected with gravitation or the attraction of the earth. Recently, in a coal mine in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, at some 500 feet beneath the surface, I noted that the same species of Poll/poms, Agaricus, and other fungi, that grow from the trunks of dead trees, were here also on the wooden supports of the gangways. The Agaricus pushed the pileus downward or upward just as the point of grow'thwas above or beneath a log. Just when the pileus was about to expand and separate from the stipe, which Avas not until the stipe had reached its full length, the latter would curve so that the pileus would be brought into a perfectly horizontal position, as if the agaric were growing on a piece of level ground. No special law governed the direction of the stipe. They might grow horizontally for several inches from an upright log, vertically from the upper side, or downward from the lower side of a horizontal log. When the time came for the expansion of the cap, the already grown stipe would depart from the straight line, and curve so that the cap would occupy the horizontal position as we see them above ground. If the cap were to fully expand, or to be in any rapid 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. state of expansion when the curvature of the stipe began, we might conjecture that it was some action of the pileus or cap that caused the stipe's curvature, but it was evident that the departure from the straight line, was nearly or quite simultaneous with the rupture of the hymen, and that nothing connected with any external circum- stances influencing the expansion of the pileus had anything to do with the matter. When we consider the facts as relating to these cryptogams, and the facts in connection with the various angles in the branching of the same species among flowering trees it seems to be a fair inference that the law which determines the direction of growth has very little, if any, relation to conditions of environment. If the mystery is ever solved, it will probably be found among the properties of the single cell, from which the whole characteristic of the plant is finally developed. Tricarpellary Umbellifers, Dr. Lindley observes (" Vegetable Kingdom ", p. 774) " in some accidental cases three carpels have been found " in Umbellifers. In these days when the genesis of families is an active study, departures from usual characters are of more value than when Lindley wrote. It is these variations that frequently give the clue to family relation- ships. It is worth recording that in Eryngium planum Linn., a species from the north of Europe and Asia, trigynous flowers occur with some frequency. I rarely examine a head without finding one such flower, and I have found six in one head. There is usually one near the largest and longest involucral bract, and they are generally found in the lower part of the head, in the vicinity of the bracts. A plurality in the number of carpels is one of the characters relied on to distinguish Araltacete from Umbellifers. The trigynous flowers of this, and probably other Eryngiums show a line of relation- ship between the two families. The facts may also suggest a not distant relationship with Valerianaceoi. A MODE OF VARIATION IN StELLARIA MEDIA. Among a number of well developed plants of the common duckweed growing on a compost heap, it was interesting to note that no two seemed to be exactly alike. They differed from one another 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 167 in almost every respect, .some in form of leaf or flower, others in manner of growth or general habit. One very vigorous grower, with a loose rambling habit, was compared with one of compact formal growth. The leaves and general characteristics of each were precisely the same ; but in one the internodes were eight inches, while in the compact form they were but four. The whole diflference in appearance Avas dependent on this single circumstance. On the Sexes of the Holly. In Martyn's edition of Miller's " Gardener's Dictionary," published in 1807, much stress is laid on the fact that the English holly. Ilex Aquijolmm, is dioecious. Philip Miller say it was discovered first by his father. It was considered a very important discovery as removing Ilex from the class Tetrandria, where Linnjeus placed it, and giving it place in Polygaviia dimcia. In those days botanical facts of this character had bearing on few other questions than that of classifica- tion. It is not surprising, therefore, that authors since Martyn's time have hardly thought the matter worthy of any consideration. The most cx'itical of all English botanists. Dr. Arnold Bromfield, in his "Flora Vectensis," giving nearly two pages of close print to a minute description of every character, passes over the question of sex by observing ; " the earlier flowers are said to be generally imperfect, and such as are 4-cleft to generally want the germen which accounts for the small quantity of berries produced by some trees which flower abundantly." In these days when the laws which influence the production of sexes in flowers, and the various questions arising from dimorphism and the relation of insects to fertilization have become matters of paramount importance, the actual condition of the sexual character in the holly is a matter of considerable interest, deserving much more critical attention than has been given it. The description given by English authorities fits exactly the characters of the male flowers of Ilex opaca. I venture, therefore, to express an opinion that the Hex Aqulfolium is dioecious like its American relative. I am inclined to believe, however, that the dicecisra of closely related species is much more pronounced in the American than in European forms. This would have an important bearing on evolutionary studies. It would be worth while for observers in the old world to note whether any separate plant of Ilex Aejuifolium has truly hermaphrodite flowers, or even perfect 168 rROCEEDIXGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. fruit, on plants which seem to have only male flowers. Supposing the English holly to liave the same characters as the American, the female flower, solitary on the pedicel, will easily be distinguished from the bi- or tri-florous staminate ones. Twenty Ilex opaca trees on my grounds were carefully examined on May 30th. Eight of these are purely pistillate plants. Thegynsecium is large and perfectly developed in every respect, and although there were apparently four stamens, they were membranous and function- less. The pistillate flowers were easily recognized by being solitary on stout pedicels. There w^ere but four or five flowers on each branch, and one might almost pass a tree without knowing it was in bloom, unless the flowers were sought for. The male flowers on the other hand were bi- or tri-florous, and often two common peduncles arose from the same axis. The stamens were large and the anthers abundantly polliniferous, the ground beneath the trees being thickly strewn with the fallen blossoms. The gymecium remains at the base of the flower in a wholly undeveloped condition. By these characters one can tell at once, without any critical examination, the fertile from the infertile tree. It is not improbable that there are some trees that may produce male and female flowers on the same tree — may be monfficious, — but these twenty trees, thoroughly dioecious, would indicate this to be its prevailing characteristic. A slight jarring of a branch indicates that the female tree may have their flowers pollinated by the agency of the wind. Honey bees were, however, busily collecting nectar indifterently from the flowers of both sexes, and nuiy aid in pollination. On the Stamens of Ranunculus abortivus. Of all plants we should hardly expect to find definite stamens in RanuncAdu^ ; but in R. abortivns I find them uniformly in three series of five each, 15 in all. The first five mature contempora- neously with the opening of the flower, and the large full anthers of this series set, as they should be, alternately with the petals, contrast so greatly with the undeveloped ones, that our first impression might be that we were examining a five-stamened flower. In Rannnculus hulbosus, blooming among these plants, no such striking difference could be noted. If other species have this peculiarity it might be useful as a sectional character. My object in examining the flowers closely was to note their habit in relation to pollination. As every flower, and we might say every PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1392. PL. I. r.anki, dt-1. BANKS, SPIDERS OF UPPER C/YUGA B/SIN. P-.QC. ACA.:. NA . SCi. Banks, del. BANKS, SPIDERS OF UPPER CAYUGA BASIN. PROC. ACAD. \A^. SCI. PHILA. 183; PL. Banks, del. BANKS, SPIDERS OF UPPER C/YUGA B/SI PriOC. ACAO. NA I . 3Ci. -h.i.-\ i89; Id Z3 ^^ 49a 69 Z9a Banks, del. BANKS, SPIDERS OF UPPER CAYUGA BASIN. PPOC. ACAO. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1892. PL. V. Bnnk^, .Icl. BANKS, SPIDERS OF UPPER CAYUGA BASIN. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1892. PL. VI. PUibr7, d«l. PILSBRY, ANATOMY OF CARACOLUS AND HEMITROCHUS. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1892 PL. VII. PILSBRY, NEW UNIOS, ETC. PROC. ACAD. 'NAT SCI. PHILA. 1892 PL. VIII PILSBRY, NEW UNIOS, ETC. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1892. PL. IX. A. P. Brown, del. BROWN, SPIRE OF BACULITES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1892. PL. X. Ives, del. lYES, PYCNOGONUM STEARNSI. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 169 carpel, is fertile, we may look for arrangements to insure self- fertilization. But the anthers do not seem to mature before the expansion of the petals, and do not appear to be well situated to pollinate the stigmas. The flowers have no odor to attract insects, nor do I find after many attempts to discover them, that any insects visit the flowers. The flower stems droop at night-fall, and I have, heretofore, thought that, in the act of drooping, pollen falls from the anthers to the stigmas ; and I meet with no suggestions warranting a modification of this belief. On the CHARACTER OF THE StAMENS IN OrNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM. It need scarcely be noted that the floral whorls of Liliaceous plants are in sets of three, though it is often difficult in the six- leaved perianth to distinguish the three-petaled from the three- sepaled series. In Ornithogalum umbellatum each three are well defined on the outer and the inner whorl, though there is no difference between the two except in the smaller size. The filaments are petaloid. and the outer whorl of three follows the character of the petals in being of a still smaller size. But when we come to the fourth series, or interior set of three stamens, they are found to be larger in their filaments than the three before them. It is so unusual to find an inner series of stamens more petaloid than the outer, that the fact is certainly worth recording. Few of this genus are odoriferous : this is one of the exceptions. Note on Barbarea in connection with Dichogamy. So far as I am aware no botanist but myself has ventured to explain the cause of dichogamy. I have shown that stamens are called into active growth under a much lower temperature or a less enduring warm temperature than pistils. Hence a flower which may be proterogynous under a continuously warm period late in spring would be proterandrous under the fitful advent of a few warm days in other seasons. I have long ago called attention to the fact that the Barbarea vulgaris is proterogynous while Barbarea prcecox is proterandrous. At that time I had no clue to the reason for this great difference between two species so closely allied that botanists have usually to wait until the fruit is nearly mature before they can positively distin- guish them. 12 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Both species grow in abundance on my ground and I Lave good opportunity to observe tbeni. B. vulgaris is confined to the low ground and B. prcecox to the high dry ground among cultivated plants. It may be found out of cultivated ground or on waste places of much the same character as on the former, but I have never seen it in the thoroughly native condition of J5. vulgaris. B. vulgaris comes into bloom regularly about the first week in May with little regard to whether February or March is fitfally warm, or of a continuously temperate character. B. prcecox, on the other hand, is so easily excited that while in some seasons it will be in flower cotemporaneously with the other species, in others it is nearly over before the B. vulgaris commences to bloom. Habituated to localities favoring such varying conditions of temperature, it Avould certainly acquire the proterandrous character, while the other species under more retardative conditions would become proterogynous. A habit once formed will, we know, con- tinue in plants as well as in animals, by inheritance, long after the causes that induced it have ceased to operate. It is, therefore, quite likely that though B. prcecox were to find itself growing beside B. vulgaris in the low and continuously cool atmosphere of a wet meadow, it would still show for a time much of the proterandrous character it had formed through its earlier associations with other conditions. Though I regard environment as having much less to do with the formation of what we must regard as permanent specific characters than is often claimed for it, it is generally conceded to be a great factor in permanent change. The facts here noted certainly indicate its influence in producing dichogamy which would undoubtedly become a fixed character in many instances. An extremely interesting point in the close study of the two species is that the proterandrous species is evidently so arranged that cross-fertilization is well nigh impossible. On the other hand the proterogynous species seems incapable of using its own pollen until it has had every chance to receive pollen from other flowers. In the latter case the pistil pushes its way through the unopened perianth, exposing the pin-head form of the capitate stigma. The plants on my ground are in great favor with honey bees, which seem scarcely to care to visit any other flowers Avhen Barbarea vulgaris is abundant, and the exposed stigmas can scarcely avoid 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 171 being freely dusted with foreign pollen by these industrious creatures. On the other hand the stigma is much below the anthers at the time the flower expands in B. prcecox. The pollen is discharged before the flower opens, and when the stigma is brought up through the stamens by the elongation of the ovarium, it is found to be dusted by its own pollen. In this species the flower is surely a self- fertilizer. It certainly must be interesting to the biologist to note two species so closely related, possessing such diametrically opposite con- ditions as regards the fertilization of their flowers ; and the teleologist cannot fail to be equally interested, as the facts have an intimate bearing on the questions he has to discuss. To my mind the chief value of the facts related lies in the additional proof they afford that dichogamy, to a great extent, is dependent on the varying con- ditions that excite advanced growth in stamens or pistils respectively. It may be added in connection with the subject of the free visit of honey bees to these flowers, that the flowers have no odor percep- tible to our senses. 172 proceedings of the academy of [1892. April 5. Mr. Thomas Meehan, Vice-President, in the chair. Fifty-three persons present. April 12. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Forty-five persons present. April 19. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Thirty-one persons present. April 26. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Sixty-five persons present. A paper entitled "On the Mechanical Genesis of the Scales of Fishes," by John A. Ryder, Avas presented for publication. Prof. F. H. Giddings was elected a member. On the Molars of the Pteropine Bats.—T>R. Harrison A.llen called attention to the homologies of the cusps of the molars in the ptero|)ine bats. In Pteropus medius the grinding surface of the parallelogram-like crown of the first upper molar is traversed its entire length by a groove which is bounded externally by a thick ridge and internally by a narrow ridge. The outer ridge forms an imperfectly developed cusp at its anterior part which is probably the paracone. The inner ridge is imperfectly divided into two sub- equal parts, of which the anterior is probably the protoconeand the posterior the metacone, the heel (hypocone) being absent. These identifications agree with the cusps as seen in other mammals. Owing to the great size of the grinding surface it becomes difficult to understand why the backward extension of the tooth differs from other types in the form of the primary cusps instead of the evolu- tion occurring as is the rule by the appearance of the hypocone. The commissure which constitutes the anterior and the posterior borders of the tooth are exceptionally well defined and the one last 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 173 named appears to take the place by adaptation of the region of the hypocone. A recent observation on Cephalotes has suggested to the recorder that it is probable that the hypocone is really present and that the greater part of the grinding surface may be so named. In this genus the parts protocone, ])aracone and metacone can be easily discerned. The protocone according to this identification compels one to accept the cusp named as protocone as in truth the metacone, and thus the usual elements of a tritubercular tooth are all accounted for, and the remaining extended part of the tooth becomes the hypocone. By this identification the pteropine molar ceases to be aberrant. But it must be remembered that tlie process of reduction of the face which takes place in the pteropines is likely to be accompanied with the same disposition to tooth variation as is seen in the Steno- derms among the Phyllostomidce. In this family the molar teeth are highly aberrant and the commissures at the anterior and pos- terior borders greatly developed. The question naturally arises why may not the molar in Cephalotes be acknowledged to be also aberrant and the cusp named above the protocone be in reality nothing but a supplemental cusp projected from the anterior commissure and the parts as defined for the long faced Pterojms be true for all genera ? On the whole Dr. Allen inclined to the opinion that the statement first made was the correct one since it permitted the cusj^s to be named with the least amount of violence to accepted views. The first molar in both Cephalotes and the related Harpyia closely resembles the last premolar, so closely indeed as to suggest that it may prove to be one of the premolar series. But our knowl- edge of the milk dentition does not permit this identification to be made with certainty. The transition in all the details is certainly much more gradual than is usually the case between a molar and a premolar. In Harpyia at least the first molar as defined in accepted descriptions lies under and slightly in advance of the infra orbital foramen, a remarkable position for it when the greatly reduced facial axis is borne in mind. A striking peculiarity is seen in the last upper premolar and both upper molars of Cephalotes in the presence of a longitudinal ridge on the grinding surface of the tooth back of the paracone. The ridge lies in the middle of the tooth. It is rudimental in the pre- molar and the last molar but is trenchant in the first molar. In the lower jaw' of Cephalotes the teeth present similar peculiarities to those of the upper with the exception that the longitu- dinal ridge is absent from the last premolar, is rudimental in the first and last molar but well developed in the 'second. The single specimen of Cephalotes examined was a young adult and the pre- maxillaries were united. The following were ordered to be printed : — 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. MINERAL LOCALITIES OF PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY. BY THEODORE D. RAND, WILLIAM W. JEFFERIS AND J. T. M. CARDEZA, M. D. The vicinity of Philadelphia has long been famed for the number of its mineral localities and the remarkable abundance and variety of species and specimens. The fact that these have been found chiefly in mining and quarrying operations of limited extent, many of them of short duration, added to the fact that the region has rapidly filled up with a dense population, so that noted localities have been covered with buildings, while others have apparently been exhausted, led one of the writers to suggest that those most familiar with the occurrence of these minerals during the last half century should publish jointly, and in connected form, an account of the localities more nearly complete than any now existing. In doing this each has taken the region with which he is most familiar, assisted, however, by the others. No mineral has been mentioned without qualification unless known to one of the writers to have been found at the locality. It is believed that few omissions will be found, but the authors will be thankful for further In- formation from any one knowing additional facts, and such facts will be incorporated in a subsequent paper with due credit. The authors desire to express their acknowledgment to Messrs. Samuel Tyson, John Smedley, Joseph Willcox, Edward D. Drown, and Lewis Woolman for valuable information incorporated in these notes. The Minerals of Philadelphia and the Territory Adjoin- ing ON THE Northwest. — By Theo. D. Rand. A large part of Philadelphia is covered with the Delaware River gravels and clays, but most of the streams have cut through this covering and have exposed the underlying rocks. Owing to the demand for building materials many quarries have been opened, but few of any great extent. The sites of many of these are now covered by buildings. The rocks underlying the gravels and clays are gneisses and mica schists, usually with a strike of about N. 60° E. and a generally northwardly dip ; they are often decomposed to a considerable depth. Their best exposure is along the Schuylkill River. Ascending the Schuylkill, the first exposure occurs at Gray's Ferry: a decomposed, highly feldspathic gneiss, of which the feld- 1892.] NATURAL SCIKNCE8 OF PHILADELPHIA. 175 spar has become kaolin and the mica, in some cases, a vermicnlite. Mill Creek flows into the Schuylkill River about three hundred yards above Gray's Ferry, and on its banks some quarrying has been done in the mica schist, but no minerals were found except apatite and albite in poor specimens. In the sand of the Schuylkill above Gray's Ferry, and probably elsewhere, small zircons occur. On mica schist rocks near Gray's Ferry, exposed in a cut of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore R. R., an efflorescence proved to be glauberite but it is possible that this may have been derived from the gunpowder used in blasting. The mica schists continue about two miles up stream to Fair- mount, whose bold hill, is composed of a gneiss which appai'ently rises as an anticlinal through the schists and is exposed by erosion On the western side of the river this rock was largely quarried. The first quarry opened was immediately on the river bank. When the inclined plane was abandoned the Pennsylvania Railroad made a curved cut throu2:h these rocks extending from about 30th Street to 34th Street, and a large quarry, or a series of quarries afterwards merged into one, was opened on the southwest side of the railroad. Subsequently the bluff" between the railroad and the river was largely quarried away, leaving an almost vertical wall of some fifty feet in height. This gneiss, identical with that found on Ridley and Crura Creeks in Delaware County, contained segregated masses of coarse orthoclase-albite-muscovite-granite. In this granite most of the minerals were found. Those identified are as follows : Orthoclase in fine crystals, nearly all obtained from one highly quartzose granite bed near the river. Albite, found with the orthoclase, but usually somewhat decom- posed, and sometimes wholly converted into kaolin, the orthoclase remaining unchanged. Tourmaline, black, in good crystals, sometimes terminated and sometimes large, but usually very brittle, so that good specimens were difficult to procure. Beryl, rare and in small crystals, sometimes much decomposed. Autunnite occurred in crystals and also as crystalline coatings loosely implanted on the rock. It was at times quite abundant and in very fine specimens. It was not usually in the granite but chiefly occurred in seams in the gneiss. Chalcolite, perhaps a half dozen specimens wei-e found associated with the autunnite. 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Uranochre, one specimen, probably this species. Garnet occurred, but the specimens were neither fine nor abundant. One specimen of transparent or precious garnet was found. Clialcopvrite and mahichite in poor specimens. Bismuthinite, one specimen, Avas found in the granite on the river bank which afforded the fine orthoclase crystals. It is a small group of crystals imbedded in tourmaline. Muscovite, biotite and pyriteand tw^o specimens of hyalite colored yellow by uranium were found. Northeast of Fairmount, along the line of the Reading Railroad, and to the north of the latter was high ground chiefly of gneiss, probably the same as that at Fairmount but much decomposed. In the granitic beds of this gneiss good crystals of muscovite occurred. All this region has long been built over. Northwest of the Fairmount gneiss occur mica schists and horn- blende schists which have been quarried along the Schuylkill and in West Philadelphia. The minerals found in this region are not numerous. On the left bank of the river about a quarter of a mile above Fairmount, a promontory of gneiss including some syenite formerly projected into the river, terminated by a rock covered dur- ing high water, known as Turtle rock. When the Park drive along the river was constructed, this rock was covered and the adjacent bluff partly quarried away. Here a few quite good specimens of chabazite were obtained, also hornblende in long bladed crystalliza- tions. Between Turtle rock and Girard Avenue bridge, bucholzite was formerly found. In the mica schists of the tunnel in the Park north of Girard Avenue, and also in a quarry on Girard Avenue about 38th Street, menaccanite occurred in rough crystals. At the tunnel Mr. Howard Parker found a specimen in which three tabular crystals were curved into concentric semi-circles, the inner one with a diameter of two inches, the outer of three and a quarter inches. The crystals were about one-eighth of an inch in thickness with a quartz parting from to I of an inch ; a separate flat crystal occupied the radius of the semicircleopposite the three. The exposed ends of these crystals were broken but they were evidently upwards of two inches in length alonir the axis of the semicircle. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 177 At the quarry near 38th Street, one specimen contained six crystals within 3x4 inches, tlie crystals measuring upwards of an inch in length but being rough except upon the tabular surface. On the Pennsylvania Railroad, about 3(ith Street, was a small quarry in mica schist. Here was found a rock formed of garnet in mitiute crystals of much brilliancy and of a yellowish-red color under the microscope but of a dark red in mass. It varied from almost pure gai-net to a gneiss containing minute garnets. In granitic veins or beds in these schists the mica is generally muscovite, intermixed with a very dark, nearly black mica, and the two occur intercrystallized, occasionally in remarkable specimens some of which are figured in the Keport of the 2nd Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Vol. C\ In much of the muscovite, hexagonal rhombs, invisible or rarely visible to the naked eye, appear under the microscope. On the northwesterly border of these schists bucholzite, forming a schist, is abundant, especially near Park Station, Schuylkill Valley Railroad. In a quarry south of the Station, and west of the railroad, chalcopyrite, malachite and chry- socolla occurred in hornblende gneiss interstratified in the bucholzite bearing mica schists. Between these schists and the overlying gravel is frequently found a black friable conglomerate, the cement of which is wad containing cobalt. It can be found in many places. Included in the mica schists are strata of hornblende gneiss, sometimes nearly pure hornblende. Immediately above the old Columbia Bridge in hornblende gneiss was the well-known laumon- tite locality. Good specimens were obtained on only two occasions, the first when an ice-house was built there about 1850 and the rock was quarried to make room for it and to build it, and many years subsequently, when the first ice house having burned down, a larger one was erected in its place. Mehlzeolite was abundant and may still be obtained, but well crystallized laumontite was rare. Good crystals, however, were obtained measuring over three-quar- ters of an inch in length, together with indifferent specimens of nat- rolite and heulandite and of crystallized quartz. As an efflorescence on these hornblende rocks alunogen and halo- trichite occur occasionally, but on the Pennsylvania Railroad at 59th street there was an old quarry in a peculiar pyritiferous gneiss andfelsite. This quarry was opened for railroad ballast, for which purpose the rock was used to a considerable extent before its rapid 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. decomposition was kuown. At this point halotrichite was at times very abundant and in quite large masses, due to the fact that the rock in question seems to lie in a synclinal, the axis of which rises rapidly southwestward, forming on the northeast side a series of nooks protected by overhanging ledges, so that the halotrichite formed was protected from the Aveather. Associated with this is a subsulphate of iron, or iron sinter, probably glockerite, also alunogen. Pebbles of many varieties of quartz, jasper, basanite, etc., have been found in the gravel which overspreads a large part of Phila- delphia. All the rocks mentioned above have a general northeast and southwest strike, but there is a belt of very hard gneiss extending from Frankford to the Wissahickon, with a strike nearly west, probably rising on the crest of an anticlinal Avave or possibly an in- trusive mass. This gneiss being hard and quite uniform, with a straight fracture, makes a valuable building stone, and it has been quarried at several points, at some quite largely. It varies in text- ure from a rather coarse granitic or syenitic gneiss to an almost cryptocrystalline felsite or granulite. Granite segregations are not common, but they are sometimes large and chiefly of orthoclase. The largest quarries of this are at Frankford. Here the minerals were finest and most abundant. Chief among these was stilbite, rarely in crystalline forms, usually in stellate radiations on the surface of what the quarrymen call " heads " in the gneiss, that is joint jilanes at right angles, or nearly so, to the bedding. This was very abun- dant, many tons of rock covered with it being exposed at a single blast, and some of it was beautiful, but, occurring as it did on this hard rock, and on faces at right angles to the cleavage, it Avas'often difficult to procure specimens in the midst of great abundance. Fortunately, at times, there were subordinate joints close to the main one; these, too, would be filled with stilbite and along such line the rock would split easily. Usually the coating was very thin, almost immeasurable, but occasionally the joint would widen, and the stilbite would occur, half an inch or more in thickness. AVith the stilbite is associated, rarely, apophyllite in fine crystals some of them half an inch across, usually opaque glassy-white but some- times colorless and transparent. Molybdenite occurs imbedded in the gneiss, sometimes in large masses (one of over a pound weight of pure molybdenite) and also 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 179 in crystals which for perfection are probably unequalled. One of about the size of a pea is almost perfect on all sides, having the prism and two domes. One crystal, nut perfect but showing five planes, measured 2\ x4 inches, and others, showing all the prismatic planes, H x 2 inches. The minerals described occurred in the largest quarry, situated northeast of Frankford Creek and between Adams and Church Streets, chiefly towards the northern end of the quarry. In the gneiss at the extreme south end of this quarry was a bed of ortho- clase in which was found the randite, usually as a very thin coating on orthoclase, sometimes in groups of microscopic acicular crystals, occasionally imbedded in calcite. Some of the orthoclase of this quarry has a pink tint, due, as shown by the microscojDC, to minute crystals, probably of gothite. Tourmaline occurred in poor crystals and also as a rock-like mass coating the gneiss. Muscovite is found, but in poor specimens ; also lepidomelane in large cleavable masses. Epidote and sphene, the latter in minute but perfect crystals, were found rarely. In a small quarry, adjacent to the above, lying across Church Street, was a small bed of calcite in the gneiss containing fine crystals of epidote, some an inch or two long, terminated, and one, measuring I x 2t inches, showing prism faces only, but those brilliant and perfect. Crystallized hornblende was sometimes found but was rare. Hyalite containing uranium was also found. Beside these the following were found in indifferent specimens : . Iceland spar, chalcopyrite, bornite, malachite, chrysocoUa, apatite, fluorite. On Frankford Creek, above this quarry, there is a granite con- taining reddish orthoclase and greenish oligoclase. In a small quarry on Little Tacony Creek west of Frankford Road apophyllite was found ; the first place at which it was dis- covered in this vicinity. In its westward strike this Frankford gneiss is next met with near Wayne Junction, Germantown. The railroad here crosses the turnpike, or Germantown Road, and formerly there was a large quarry in rock very like that of Frankford, except that near the surface it was much decomposed. This was the locality of the philadelphite which occurred as the mica in a schist, and also in small veins in the rock. From the occurrence deeper in the quarry of precisely similiar veins of hornblende and the fact that the hard 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. hornblende gneiss of the lower part of the quarry seemed to decom- pose into the philadelphite schist near the surfiice, I think the philadelphite is due to the alteration of hornblende. Except sphene and bornite I know of no other mineral found here. About a quarter of a mile further west in a road-cutting were large quantities of a feldspar, probably orthoclase containing im- perfect crystals of a black mica, probably lepidomelane, frequently five or six inches in length and not over an inch across. Further west and close to the Wissahickon is the well known McKinney's quarry to which the attention of mineralogists was first called by the abundance of apatite. The gneiss here is very regular and of excellent quality. In a bed of feldspar met with about 1850 rough irregular crystals of apatite, some a foot long, were found abundantly. Besides this the following were found ; natrolite, heul- andite, laumontite, hornblende, bornite, chalcopyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, fahlunite, sphene and a micaceous mineral resembling philadelphite. Some of the laumontite was colored green by copper. Northwest of the Philadelphia mica schists and gneisses, from the Schuylkill to near Morton Station, southeast of Media, extends an outcrop of porphyritic gneiss which appears to include some small schist areas, and this is followed by schists called by Mr. Hall the Manayunk schists, very similar to those on the southeast of the porphyry. Both the porphyry and the schists are very barren of minerals. The porphyry is, of course, full of feldspar (orthoclase) crystals usually if not invariably twinned, but it is impossible to detach them from the gangue, and nothing but sections can be had. In the porphyry, granitic segregations occur, comj^osed chiefly of a reddish orthoclase making sometimes a graphic granite. Quartz is much less in quantity than the orthoclase, and mica (muscovite) even less than the quartz. Rarely in this granite occurs black tourmaline in poor specimens. Near West Laurel Hill Cemetery minute sphenes occur in the gneiss which is there very fine grainecl. Northwest of the bridge of the Reading Railroad over the Schuyl- kill at the Falls was formerly a large quarry in a gneiss resembling the Fairmount gneiss, but harder. On the west bank of the Schuylkill, just above the Park bridge, is a quarry which at one time was lai'gely wrought. The rock is not distinctly porphyritic, and is very variable in its different strata, passing from a highly felspathic gneiss to a mica schist, and from 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 181 hornblende gneiss to quartzite. This quarry only, among the large number in the porphyritic rock and adjacent schists, is worthy of the name of a mineral locality ; no fine specimens were found, but the following occurred : quartz in modified crystals, epidote, mag- netopyrite, calcite in dog-tooth crystals, krokidolite,- garnet, laumontite. and coatings of halotrichite. On one occasion the sap from a broken I'oot of an oak in the soil over the quarry had trickled down over the rocks whence the halotrichite effloresced, forming a black band of native ink. Rhodonite is reported to have been found in this quarry but I have not seen it. Northwest of the Manayunk schists is another series, termed by Mr. Hall the Chestnut Hill schists. Both series contain numerous garnets but the Chestnut Hill schists contain them in largest quan- tity. They are very abundant, sometimes crystallized, rarely large, always dull and usually rough. In both these schists occur outcrops of magnesian rocks. The most important of these, mineralogically, except possibly the out- crops near Media, is that which is known as the steatite belt which extends from Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, to Bryn Mawr. It is well exposed on the Wissahickon but on the Schuylkill, at the northwesterly line between Philadelphia and Montgomery County, it has been largely quarried for over a century and has yielded quite a variety of minerals, as follows: talc, rarely in crystals, abundant massive and sometimes in beautiful green translucent specimens ; dolomite, massive very abundant, sometimes good cleavage specimens associated with talc are obtained ; it occurs also crystallized in the ordinary form of pearl spar, of which some beautiful specimens have been obtained, also in six-sided prisms with terminations, and rarely in a form veiy near a cube ; breun- nerite, in poor specimens, at the old soapstone quarry on the east bank of the river, but in crystals quite perfect and more than an inch across, at the quarry on the west bank ; magnetite in octahedra in chlorite ; tremolite, actinolite, chlorite, hallite, staurolite, mil- lerite, bornite, chalcopyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, maguetopyrite, garnet, apatite, genthite, epsomite, chalcanthite, aragonite, zoisite, pyrophyllite, barite and one specimen of rutile in dolomite. Asso- ciated with the steatite is a rock occurring in vast quantity, the mass being steatite, with apparently nodules of serpentine scattered through. At times these show the crystalline form of staurolite, and they are, in part at least, pseudomorphs of serpentine after staurolite. 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [1892. On the right bank of tlie river, besides the breunnerite, asbestus was at one time found in considerable quantity. About a half mile above the soapstoue quarry and a quarter of a mile westward from the river was Rose's quarry, in a hard black serpentine of the Lafayette belt. Here were found asbestus, ensta- tite, Schiller spar and antigorite. On the Wissahickon, the line of demarkation between the INfana- vuuk schists and the Chestnut Hill schists is obscure. Below Gor- gas' Lane menaccanite in quartz occurred. Above Gorgas' Lane was found halotrichite. Near Cresheim Creek antholite in radiated masses is abundant, also staurolite and kyanite in the mica schists, in poor specimens, and garnets in great quantity but poor. Very recently fine kyanite was obtained. AVhere the steatite belt crosses, near Thorp's Lane, magnetite in octahedra, talc and steatite are found. Hyalite is found occasionally coating the schists. On the Schuylkill, the tunnel of the Reading Railroad through the Manayunk schists at Flat Rock afforded fine specimens of red stilbite, also lieulandite, beryl and calcite. On the left bank, nearly opposite the tunnel, were found brown spar and ilvaite. At Hea- cock's quarry in the Chestnut Hill schists at Jenkintown, North Pennsylvania Railroad, Mr. Edward D. Drown found an albite granite containing very minute green crystals which a microscopic examination proves to be torbernite. This is an interesting dis- covery. Northwest of the Chestnut Hill schists is a hill, often of great l^eight, and almost continuous from Trenton, N. J., to beyond the Brandywine. This is of Laurentian gneiss. It is, except in one place, singularly barren of crystallized or rare minerals. This ex- ception is the well-known Vanartsdalen's quarry near Feasterville, in Bucks County, where a small bed of limestone is exposed and here we find many of the minerals found in the Laurentian limestones of Canada. This is the only observed out-crop of limestone in the whole length of the Laurentian in this part of the State. The rock is mostly granular and crystalline and much mixed with other minerals, particularly phlogopite, pyroxene and graphite. The fol- lowing minerals have been found: — Blue quartz, which, while abundant in massive specimens through- out the whole Laurentian range, was in specimens of unusually good color at this quarry; orthoclase, massive, of a gray color, translucent, almost transparent, with the cleavage surfaces very 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 183 brilliant ; rarely it is l)eautifnlly opalescent, resemblino^ labra- dorite, or even more closely resembling tbe microcline of Norway ; muscovite, rare, of a bright emerald-green color ; phlogopite abundant, but not in good specimens ; woUastonite, massive, at one time abundant, but usually rare ; garnet, massive, not common ; pyroxene in its varieties, salite, fassaite ; coccolite abundant ; sphene in crystals up to an inch in diameter, some quite good, poor speci- mens abundant; scapolite chiefly in its variety ekebergite, but also in rough crystals, the former abundant; moroxite ; zircon very rare, but in beautiful crystals ; molybdenite has been reported from this quarry but I think graphite has been mistaken for it ; gypsum in poor specimens formed by the action of decomposing pyrite on the limestone. The graphite, phlogopite, pyroxene, etc., occurred in the lime- stone often in bands an inch or so wide and a few inches long and remarkably contoi'ted ; so much so, that sections roughly broken would occasionally closely simulate letters of the alphabet and the late Mr. Vanartsdalen used to exhibit with much pride the name " George Washington " in these natural stone letters remarkably ])erfect except in such details as the cross of the A. In the Laurentian at Trenton and also at Camp Hill near Willow Grove small zircons occur, also, in many places loose in the soil. I know of no minerals in this belt elsewhere excej^t the ordinary constituents of the gneiss: quartz, generally bluish or milky, ortho- clase, a triclinic feldspar, hornblende, magnetite and garnet, and also, at one locality near Radnor Station in a trap, labradorite and hypersthene. Northwestward of the Laurentian for nearly its whole extent is a limestone valley in which, or bordering it, are schists, those near the Laurentian very closely resembling the Manayunk and Chestnut Hill schists, and in many places near the limestone, unctuous clays carrying much limonite. In the limestone many quarries have been opened, some of them large and deep, especially along a line near the southeastern margin, where a bed of the limestone has been con- verted into marble. The explorations for iron ore have been more numerous than extensive, but in some places vast quantities have been taken out and used chiefly at adjacent furnaces. At the limestone and marble quarries there is almost nothing of mineralogical interest : calcite in poor crystals, small quartz crystals, damourite in sheets and coatings comprise all, with the following exceptions : — 184 TROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. The most noted marble ({iiarry is at Marble Hall, Montgomery County, on the Ridge Road about fourteen miles from Philadelphia. This yielded fine statuary marble and was wrought as an open quarry to a depth, I am informed, of over three hundred feet; near by lignite and iron pyrites occur. It has been suggested that this marble is due to the alteration of the limestone by the Conshohockeu trap dyke which is near its north- westerly side. Inasmuch as there is ordinary limestone between the marble and the dyke and the marble occurs also at a distance from the dyke as at Potts and Henderson's quarries, this view seems untenable. At Conshohockeu, in the cut of the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, the trap dyke was almost if not quite in contact with the limestone, which showed no change from the ordinary limestone of the region. Northeast of this was a suialler quarry in an inferior marble, and in this was once found a mass of barite of many tons weight almost indistinguishable from the marble except by its weight. It is a tradition that it was supposed to be marble until the hoisting tackle having parted three times successively while attempting to lift a not unusually large block, an investigation showed that it weighed one and one-third times the same bulk of marble. Carbonate of strontia Avas reported from this vicinity, but I think it a mistake. Mr. Jefferis informs me that in 1837 fine crystals of dog-tooth spar were found in quantity at Marble Hall. East of the Schuylkill between the limestone and the Laurentian, is a stratum of Cambrian sandstone forming during most of its course a prominent ridge, especially near Edge Hill Station, on the North Pennsylvania Railroad. In this rock, hematite occurs abundantly in brilliant cleavable masses, very rarely crystallized. It is slightly titaniferous, and was found by Mr. Edward D. Drown, upon land belonging to him near Weldou, to contain rutile in interesting specimens. On the right bank of the Schuylkill, just above Conshohockeu, Montgomery County, a large quarry known as Bullock's has been wrought for many years in a limestone much mixed with mica and graphite. The rock is tough and durable and is favorably situated for quarrying. It cleaves in one direction with facility and in the others it is divided by joints many feet apart, enabling stones of almost any size to be readily procured. This renders it the pre- ferred stone in Philadelphia for heavy foundations and it has been 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 used thus^in[most of the larger buildings for mauy years. Minerals are rare in this rock. In seams, poor quartz crystals and pyrite occur, with occasionally small, but very perfect and beautifully modified crystals of calcite. In one seam, near the river, about 1866, a few remarkable crystals of calcite were found, being perfect and doubly terminated hexagonal prisms, with trihedral summits. Aragonite occasionally lines crevices, some specimens being of much beauty. Wiiite cleavable calcite occurs. Phyllite was found in this lime- stone in 186-4 near Plymouth. In the Chester valley fluorite occurs. At Potts' landing galena is said to have occurred in the limestone. At the limonite mines adjacent to this limestone belt few minerals occur other than the limonite and that usually in specimens not worthy of a place in a mineralogical cabinet. An exception to this was a mine opened near the Edge Hill furnace on the North Penn- sylvania Kailroad in which at one time a deposit of geodes of limo- nite of exceptional quality was met with. At this time, besides the limonite, which was in beautiful specimens, the geodes were found lined with fine specimens of gothite, turgite and velvet manganese, psilomelane and braunite. In 1855 at Colwell's iron furnace on the northeast bank of the Schuylkill at Conshohocken, a few very fine specimens of cacoxeniie were found. This came undoubtedly from the immediate vicinity, but from what particular spot could not be ascertained, as ore was hauled to the furnace from many openings. In a thin stratum on both sides of the Laurentian and near it, hornstone or chert occurs, at times in large quantity, particularly northwest of Chestnut Hill, on the Roberts Road southAvest of the Old Lancaster Road near Bryn Mawr, and on the Mattson's Ford Road west of Montgomery Avenue, on the line between Upper and Lower Merion, Montgomery County. In the township of Upper Merion, close to King of Prussia, quartz crystals were exposed in a cut of the Trenton Cut-off Railroad, west of the road to Radnor. About two miles further east on the same road, and again about a mile from the Schuylkill a quartzose rock filled with cavities studded with quartz crystals was met with in great quantity. In a similar, if not the same, rock near Henderson Station, Chester Valley Railroad, occurred the fossils for which that locality is noted. 13 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. About half a mile east of Henderson Station pyrite altered into linionite occurs in good specimens. Southwest of the Schuylkill, on each side of the Laurentian hill above mentioned, is a line of serpentine outcrops, beginning on the northwest side about three miles from the river and extending thence nearly in a straight line to a point northwest of West Chester. On the southeast side of the Laurentian there is a very small outcrop northeast of the Schuylkill. Southwest of the river, but close to it, is Rose's quarry before mentioned ; thence the belt stretches south- westward almost continuously through Lower INIeriou, Radnor, IMarple and Newtown Townships. On this belt few quarries or mines have been opened, Rose's quarry, as before mentioned, yielded enstatite, asbestus, Schiller spar and antigorite. At Rosemont, where the Pennsylvania Railroad passes this belt, was a quarry, now built over, which afforded a fibrous aragonite. Where the road from Philadelphia to West Chester crosses the railroad, about a mile east of Newtown Square, remarkable speci- mens of stalactitic quartz were once found in digging to lay the foundation of a stone wall. The cavities were from one to four inches wide and the stalactites depending, both in the ordinary form and also in curtain-like sheets, formed specimens of great beauty. Further southwest, in the same belt, was Moro Phillips' chrome mine referred to in Dr. Cardeza's notes. Close by, but probably in a serpentine not connected with the Laurentian, antholite occurs in quantity and in good specimens. In the belt northwest of the Laurentian, about one-half a mile northwest of Radnor Station, a quarry was opened on land then belonging to John Stacker. In this quarry, and in the vicinity, the following minerals were found : — asbestus, mountain cork, marmolite, chromite, chalcedony, cacholong, drusy quartz, deweylite, genthite, enstatite, dermatin (?), serpentine pseudomorph after asbestus, quartz pseudomorph after asbestus, pimelite, chrysotile, vermiculite. In the mica schist of Cream Valley, about a mile northwest of Radnor Station, crystals of garnet sometimes an inch in diameter and usually distorted, associated with staurolite are abundant. In the limestone of the same valley, about a mile north of Radnor Station, small brilliant cubes of pyrite were at one time abundant, many of them curiously elongated and flattened. In the Potsdam sandstone of Cream Valley minute tourmalines are abundant, occurring occasionally in crystals an inch or more in length. 1892.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 187 Localities of Chester County. By William W. Jefferis. Four and a half miles northeast from West Chester in the town- ship of Willistown, Chester County, there is a vein or bed of mag- netite in serpentine, some of the specimens showing strong polarity. This was opened about seventy years ago for chrome ore and some five hundred pounds were taken out, but not being chromite the mining was abandoned. The serpentine continues in a southwest course and is exposed in West Goshen Township, north of West Chester, for a mile or more. Three quarries have been ojiened for building stone. In one of them, on the farm of the late General George A. McCall, is found chrysotile in small veins. Ajfew hundred yards west of this is the quarry of AVilliam P. Marshall, that has furnished many cabinet specimens of aragonite in small radiated crystals. In seams of the serpentine, dolomite and marmolite are also found. . On the adjacent ridge, drusy quartz was formerly very abundant, also chalcedony and jasper. At the end of the serpentine ridge, west of Marshall's quarry is a vein! of compact talc that was worked by an old mineralogist in 1834, with an idea of making pencils and supplying lyceums with specimens. North of this, on the edge of the serpentine, staurolite and garnets occur. Haifa mile further west is Taylor's quarry and from it have been taken the following minerals: — radiated aragonite (called by the old mineralogists of 1820, radiated carbonate of magnesia), dewey- lite, kerolite, asbestus, and chromite in octahedral crystals. In the road north of Mr. Taylor's house, staurolites and garnets were for- merly abundant. On^the farm of Caleb 8. Cope, in East Bradford Township, one mile west from Taylor's, is found talc, some of the specimens con- taining yellow actinolite. Epidote in quartz also occurs. A short distance west from the talc locality is an old quarry of magnesian limestone which is very fetid when struck. In the edge of the quarry was found necronite and also cyanite of a fine blue color, which at one time was quite plentiful in an old dam breast adjoining. Gray cyanite in crystals occurs in a bed of mica schist at both ends of the bridge over[the Brandywine at Cope's in East Bradford Township. Blue and green cyanite are also found in the rocks 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892, near and scattered over the fields for the distance of two miles Avest of the bridge. On the liill seventy-five yards west of the old Black Horse Tav- ern in East Bradford Townshi]) (in the road) there is a compact talc of a very fine quality which was exposed some four feet in length by two and a half inches in thickness. This appears to occupy fissures in the hornblende rocks along which there has been a motion of the adjacent parts evidenced by the slickensided surfaces of this talc. In Newlin Township, five miles southwest from the Black Horse locality, there is a large outcrop of serpentine in which numerous lumps of corundum have been found, one of them, lying on the surface, weighed 5,200 pounds. On the north side of the ridge a number of excavations have been made from which several tons have been taken in small pieces. In one of thetu was found a vein or stratum fourteen feet long by seven feet in breadth and fifty-four feet in* depth, a solid mass of corundum and emerylite ; on one side of it was a coating of diaspore, three by two feet and two inches thick, well crystallized on the surface, some of the crystals being two inches long. The other minerals found there were lesleyite, pattersonite, gibbsite, indianite, antigorite and spinel. The locality of corundum was first discovered by the digging of a well on the hill south of this, the crystals being found in a decomposed albite. The well was re-opened in 1844 for corundum but was found unpro- ductive and was discontinued after going down fifty feet. Since then a shaft has been sunk near by to the depth of one hundred and fifty feet, with considerable drifting on a vein, and a number of tons of mineral taken out, said to be from a true vein or stratum. This is now worked by a Philadelphia company, Avith success. On the same ridge of serpentine, 500 yards east, a quarry of feld- spar was opened and several carloads of it sent to the potteries at Trenton. It was highly cleavable and furnished many fine cabinet specimens, also large crystals of tourmaline, garnets and muscovite. One half mile east of the corundum locality, at the end of the ridge of serpentine, crystals of beryl of green and yellow colors were found abundantly in the soil ; one terminated crystal weighed fifty-one pounds. This appeared to come from a vein of quartz and mica in the serpentine. A short distance southwest from the corundum works a shaft has been sunk and a few tons of the mineral taken out. When first 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 189 opened some of the corundiini contained the rare mineral euphyllite. There are no minerals of any note in the serpentine until we reach the southern part of the county where sand chrome occurs in abundance, and thousands of tons have been taken from the soil. Hallite in hexagonal crystals occurs in a vein in East Nottingham Township, also a hard asbestus in stick -like masses two feet long. In West Nottingham Township, crystals of chromite in octahe- drons, roseite (a variety of jefferisite) staurolite, leelite and raagne- site occur. Several excavations have been made in search of the latter mineral and many tons of it were sent to Philadelphia to be used in the manufacture of epsom salts. In the adjoining county of Lancaster, one-half mile from the Mary- land line is the celebrated chrome mine known as " AVoods' mine." The mine was opened about the year 1885 or 1840, and many thousand tons of chromic iron have been taken from it. The vein was traced to the depthof 700 feet, and m some places was 30 feet thick. It has not been worked for the past ten years, and is now abandoned, and filled with water and debris. About the year 1858 or 1860 brucite was found in abundance, finely crystallized ; one of the veins of brucite being a foot in thickness. The following minerals also were found at this mine: — zaratite, kammererite, penninite, deweylite, ouvarovite, picfolite, genthite, baltimorite, dolomite, hydrodolomite, aragonite in delicate radiated ci-ystals and hematite in very fine cr}Stals with penninite. All the minerals found within five miles of the mine have been labelled from Texas, as follows : — williamsite, enstatite, lancasterite, talc, magnetite crystals in chlorite, green tourmaline, limonite pseudomorph after pyrite in modified crystals, steatite, carnelian, jasper, moss agate and drusy quartz. In the western end of the township of West Town, three miles south of West Chester is the celebrated Birmingham serpentine quarry, perhaps better known as Brinton's quarry. The stone has been used in the principal cities of the United States. The following occur in the quarry: — clinochlore and jefferisite in finer specimens than elsewhere ; deweylite, tourmaline, beryl, magnesite, talc, aragonite, in radiated crystals on the serpentine, covering surfaces three by two feet or more ; oligoclase, showing fine twinning lines; magnetite, amethyst, etc. The crystals of clinochlore, are found in pockets of talc in the solid serpentine, partially decomposed. There is also an outcrop of serpentine two and a half miles south- west of West Chester with a vein of aquacreptite through it. This 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. mineral when immersed in water decrepitates with considerable noise. This locality is in East Bradford township, and amethysts are found in nearly all the fields within half a mile of it. Half a mile northwest from the Birmingham quarry is Osborn's Hill, in which a mine was opened about the year 1835 for manga- nese, and half a ton of the black oxide taken from a depth of thirty feet. The vein stone was massive mauganesian garnet containing crystals of yellow sphene. Tourmaline, in small crystals in quartz, occurs abundantly, also orthoclase crystallized, on the west side of the hill. Very few minerals have been found in the hornblende rocks of Chester County, the principal ones being zoisite at the old water works in West Chester, noAV inaccessible ; labradorite, sphene and sunstone, the latter of great brilliancy, were found at Lamborn's mill, one-half mile southeast of Kennett Square ; epidote crystals occurred loose in the soil one mile south of the borough ; sunstone is also found near Fairville. One-half mile north of Fairville, on the farm of the late William Dilworth, muscovite crystals occur by the hundred in the soil northwest of the house, near the woods. One-half mile south of Pennsville, on the farm of Jacob Swayne, there is a large deposit of white quartz containing a few crystals of feldspar, and large crystals and plates of muscovite beautifully marked by magnetite and containing compressed ci'ystallized quartz, suitable for the microscope. Some almost perfect crystals from this place measured eighteen inches by twelve or more. A large quan- tity of merchantable mica was obtained. In quarrying for limestone in Chester Valley they occasionally find openings or small caves filled with stalagmites and stalactites, some of the latter being a foot or more in length ; a few brilliant crystals of pyrite are sometimes found in the limestone, also fluorite and quartz crystals; at the Pennsylvania Railroad quarry. East Cain Township, ankerite. In the limestone on the Brandywine Creek, about a mile above Chadd's Ford, occurs chondrodite, the only locality of this mineral in the region. The quarries in West Bradford Township, known as the Poor- house quarries, were opened nearly one hundred years ago and are in a magnesian limestone; in it are found the following minerals: — chesterlite, quartz crystals, rutile in needle-like crystals, some trans- pai'ent and of a dark ruby color ; tremolite and a yellow damourite 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 191 in delicate tuft-; or rosettes. Some two miles to the southwest are the Doe Run lime quarries. These have been extensively worked for over half a century. In them have been found rutile, tremolite and fluorite, the latter only as a thin crust of a deep purple color. In West Marlborough Township, two miles west of Unionville, are Bailey's lime (piarries, containiuL'' bladed mussite, crystallized and fibrous tremolite in quantity. Brown and yellow tourmaline in small crystals have also been found in this township. Limestone has been quarried extensively near the village of Avondale in London Grove Township. Aragonite, brown tourma- line, mountain leather, tremolite and very fine crystals of calcite are the only minerals found in these quarries. Some years ago a large quarry Avas opened in the gneiss rocks at Avondale, known as the Toughkenamon hills, and in it l)right red iron garnets in dodecahedral crystals were found by the hundred, some of them being three and one-half inches in diameter, also good crystals of tourmaline. A small sjiecimen of graphite was found in this quarry. Pyrite more or less altered into limonite of a shining dark brown color in cubic crystals of all sizes up to one and one-half inches in diameter are found loose in the soil in the township of East White- land and TredyfTrin in abundance ; these are sometimes pure limonite. In the year 1850 an iron mine was opened on the farm of the late Gen. Trimble, in East Whiteland Township, and at the distance of ten feet below the surface was found a horizontal vein of wavellite in stalactites, also radiated .nnd occasionally crystallized. After a few years the mine was abandoned and the locality lost for a time. A shaft or Avell has since been dug twenty -five feet, striking one of the old drifts and from it were, taken a few very fine specimens. Coeruleolactite was found in abundance when the mine was first opened, but as it was thought of no value it was dumped into the excavations left in mining the iron ore and many fine specimens were lost to science. Rutile, or the mineral known in Sadsbury Township as money- stone, is found loose in the soil for the distance of seven miles along the Chester Valley and particularly near the village of Parkesburg on the farm of Horace A. Beale where crystals have been found weighing three quarters of a pound. 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Ill Uwchlan Township half a mile north of the Eagle tavern massive blue quartz is found in abundance. Graphite is now being mined quite extensively east of the tavern. A number of iron mines were opened in the vicinity of Kimber- ton and Yellow Springs, fifty years ago, and many fine specimens of limonite were found, also a half ton or more of a jet black limonite known as melanosiderite. A. fine specimen of allophane was found in one of the mines near, and is now in the Vaux collection. It is the only one known from Chester County. A deposit of limonite was found in West Whiteland Township adjoining the quarry known as Thomas' marble quarry, worked to the depth of 180 feet in the year 1836, and after a few years abandoned. The ore is principally of the variety known as pipe iron ore, but some of it is of a rather different character, for the stalactites or pipes instead of being radiated in structure were "^ composed of concentric layers, making a ^ipe within a pipe. The deposit being of a very limited extent was soon worked out, and now no trace of it remains. The following minerals have been found at the Warwick mine holes, at the village of St. Mary's: — magnetite in dodecahedral crystals; actinolite, in small radiated geodes, and a jet black melan- ite garnet in geodes, with a reddish mineral, said to be orthoclase. One mile west from St. Mary's are the old Hopewell mines, the ore being magnetite crystallized in octahedrons, with an occasional group of pyrite, and quartz pseudomorph after pyrite. One-half mile north from the village of Knauertown are the cele- brated mines known as the Mines of French Creek, being first worked as Keini's iron mine, afterwards as the Elizabeth copper mines ; now being mined for iron. The ore is magnetite mixed with pyrite. Bright pyrite in octahedral crystals with numerous modifi- cations occurs in the vein or wall of calcite; there is also a vein of chalcopyrite adjoining the iron ore vein. The chalcopyrite is crys- tallized where it adjoins the calcite, making the finest specimens of the mineral known to mineralogists. It also occurs in perfect, iso- lated tetrahedra. Besides the above the following minerals occur: calcite crystals, aplome garnet, stilbite, apopliyllite in remarkable specimens, byssolite, erythrite, hornblende and a feld^^par pseudo- morph after natrolite. At the lead mines near PhaMiixville, known as the Wheatley and Brookdale mine*, the following have been found:— anglesite, cerusite, pyromorphito, wuU'enite, descloizite, niinietite, galenite, native cop- 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 193 per, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, si)halei-ite, calamine, laumonite, calcite, fliiorite, limouite, native sulphur, oxide of manganese, pyrite, barite, covellite, quartz and dolomite, melaconite, quartz pseudo- morph after calcite, ankerite. Localities of Delaware County. By J. T. M. Cardeza, M. D. The chief localities for minerals in Delaware County occur in gneissic beds, many of which are isolated in areas of more schistose rocks, or in or near the serpentine outcrops Avhich abound in the central part of the County. Perhaps the more prolific localities have been in or near the Townships of Kidley and Middletown. Ridley Township. East of Chester and north of the River Delaware, large quarries have been wrought for many years chiefly in fine grained micaceous gneiss of considerable value for building purposes and for curbstones. Of these Deshong and Leiper's on Ridley Creek and Leiper and Lewis' on Crum Creek are most noted. The gneiss itself contains rarely small garnets and tourma- line, the rarer minerals occurring in coarse granitic veins, beds or segregations in the gneiss. At Deshong's quarry, as at Leiper's on Ridley Creek, the two being in the same bed, good-sized brilliant garnets have been found together with beryl in hexagonal prisms one-eighth of an inch to one and one-half inches in diameter and from one inch to twelve inches in length, usually pale green and translucent, occasionally bright green and transparent, and a number Avith fine well terminated crystals. I have a specimen in my cabinet with replace- ments of the prism fjaces giving it the appearance of a cylinder. Small well terminated crystals of yellow beryl were found here. Beryls, some terminated, altered into a granular white substance were recently found. I have in my possession a beryl from this locality, one foot long, two inches in diameter, lying on a bed of crys- tallized feldspar. Some very fine specimens of tourmaline occur, but being vexy fragile, are rarely obtained entire ; muscovite is abundant but poor. Autunnite and torbernite, in good specimens, in coarse granite, have been obtained ; also more rarely uranochre. Fine crys- tals of orthoclase of different forms have been found, both singly and in groups, the crystals from oue-half an inch to six or eight inches in length. In a pocket was found thulite of a beautiful pink color; of this there were very fine specimens, some honeycombed and some 19-1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. with a few small crystals. Leidyite, a hydrous silicate of iron, is found ill grauular masses. I have noticed a similar occurrence at Jones' Falls, Baltimore. I allude to the presence of chabazite coated with leidyite and leidyite pseudomorph after chabazite, mak- ing haydenite. In Deshong's quarry, in connection with the leidy- ite, are the same zeolites as at Jones' Falls, viz. : stilbite, heuland- ite and a few small specimens of beaumontite. In this pocket some small but good crystals of chalybite occurred. Ward's quarry, about one mile above Deshong's, between the Philadelphia Pike and the Delaware River, is similar in geological characteristics and is largely wrought for its stone. Stilbite is found in fine, large radia- tions. The quarry of Leiper and Lewis, at Avondale, on Crum Creek, affords very fine garnets, some as much as two or three inches in diameter, as well as very brilliant smaller ones, also tourmaline in terminated crystals, but occurring usually in sections of about one inch to one and a half inches in length, a stratum of granular quartz, a quarter inch or less in thickness, breaking the continuity of the crystal. Good crystallized orthoclase and beautiful crystals of adu- laria are found in groups in which ai'e sometimes found small, pale green, or nearly white beryls, well crystallized, with modified ter- minations. A few terminated yellow beryls have also been found- Mr. Rand reports having collected in this quarry, chalcopyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, hyalite of a bright green color, uranochre, uraninite and bismutite, the last three in very small quantity. Miss M. A. Holmes reports pink zoisite or thulite. At Folsom is a small quarry opened for cellar foundation-stone, in which some good garnets were recently found, one in my possession being as large as a man's fist. In a quarry near Leiperville, owned by John Deshong, but not at present worked, owing to the hardness of the stone (a hornblende gneiss) some j^retty garnets, one-half to three- quarters of an inch in diameter, were found in a schistose bed in the gneiss, with also stilbite of a yellow or orange color and in radiations one and one-half to two inches in diameter. At Bullen's Lane.on Ridley Creek, a quarry, now owned b3'J:imes Irving but not at present worked, has yielded some very fine crys- tallized orthoclase in modified forms, some very fine garnets from one inch-to one and one-half inches in diameter, crystallized musco- vite in quartz, looking as if subjected to enormous compressing force, 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 195 the basal planes being rounded and the crystal being not unlike stone arrowheads in form. Chester Township. In the village of Upland on Chester Creek near Chester, in a quarry formerly worked by Henvis, chabazite of a red color was found. One specimen in possession of Michael Bradley of Chester has with the chabazite, pectolite. Some good crystallized orthoclase of a flesh color was found. On the Samuel Felton farm, Thurlow, is an altered natrolite in a schistose rock. At Ship Creek, a tributary of Chester Creek, near Upland in Samuel Crozer's quarry, garnets coated with autunnite, and one fine doubly terminated crystallized oi'thoclase was found. In Shaw and Esray's quarry, near Chester, have been found tourmaline, garnet (one as large as a man's fist) crystallized ortho- clase, beryl, mostly in process of alteration, but good crystals of a pale green color ; smoky quartz in large crystals. I have one in my possession, fourteen inches long, one foot wide and about seven inches thick, two planes of the prism being developed at the expense of the four remaining. An amethyst of the same size and form was also found here. Some good amethysts are found of a deep purple color, also smoky quartz, in crystals six to eight inches long, and three to four iuches in diameter encrusted with well crystallized amethysts of good color; also a peculiar feldspar in crystals six to eight iuches long and four to six iuches across, having the appear- ance on the surface of having been eroded. At Cartertown, farm of Peter Green, near Chester, is the old Chester molybdenite locality on Chester Creek above Upland. A few crystals of this mineral were found, with a considerable quantity of the massive mineral, disseminated in quartz, but at present it is scarce. , Molybdite occurs with it (Rand). In the same vicinity was sillimanite. A crystal of beryl, of a pale green color, terminated, four inches long, one and a quarter inches thick, was found here in a boulder of granular quartz, and is now in my possession. On this property, on the creek shore, a mine was opened some years ago for copper, but very little sulphide of copper was found, and the mine was abandoned as it required constant pumping. At Bridgewater, on Chester Creek near Upland, in one of the quarries of John Mullen, in a pocket in the schists, several fine large crystals of sphene occurred, of a yellow and also of a light green 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. color, some two inches in length. None have been found since, in spite of diligent search. Darby Township. On Bethel Custer's farm, Glenolden, are good blue kyauite in long blades, and sillimanite. On the Philadelphia Turnpike, below White Horse tavern, in a ditch on the west side of the road, blades of kyanite occur abun- dantly, washed out by rains from a schist. On the farm attached to the White Horse tavern, are gray and blue kyanite and sillimanite. In digging the cellar and foundation for a barn, on a farm opposite the White Horse tavern, several large boulders of kyanite were found, of a beautiful blue color with blades six to eight inches in length. Along the little sti'eam emptying into Darby Creek at Morris' Ferry, many loose masses of kyanite have been w'orked out. At Morris' Ferry, in the creek at low water, garnets of good quality have been found in the mud. Near Landsdowne, smoky quartz, loose in the soil. Mr. Rand has a crystal measuring nine by seven inches. Near Darby, titaniferous garnet. At Upper Darby, in a cutting of the proposed Chester County Railroad, Babel quartz and modified quartz crystals, orthoclase crystals. Nether Providence TotvJiship. On the farm of George Sharpless, on Providence road above Shoemakerville about three miles above Chester, a small quarry was opened for stone to i)ike the road lead- ing to Media, and some remarkable crystals of feldspar doubly terminated and variously modified were found, some eighteen inches by twelve inches were taken out, and at present several are in my possession ; also green mica in pretty specimens. In digging a i)ost hole opposite the mansion, a pocket of amethyst was discovered. About a half dozen fine crystals, one and a half to two inches in size and of a deep purple color were obtained. Near Swarthmore College, andalusite and black tourmaline, not terminated, but the whole crystal tapering from the base in a long cone shape, are found, also orthoclase. Howard Lewis' farm. Andalusite, tourmaline, yellow beryl. The andalusite crystals were imbedded in quartz, some very large crystals were obtained and some remarkably perfect. A group in the collection of Mr. Theo. D. Rand contains one crystal nearly 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 197 perfect on three of its four prismatic planes, and jierfectly terminated at both ends. Upper Providence. On Thomas Reese's farm, orthoclase, cassi- nite, siinstone and moonstone in striated oligoch^se, corundum. At Bhie Hill, prase in magnificent specimens, asbestus, chryso- tile in fibres two, and two and one-half inches in length, actiiiolite, drusy quartz and chromite in large crystals. Lower Chichester and Vicinity. On farm of William Trainer, on a knoll near the Linwood mill dam, were found crystals of ortho- clase and tourmaline, and large crystals of beryl of a pale green color, some mottled yellow and green externally and pale green internally, opaque, two inches in diameter. I have in my possession a specimen from this place, one foot in length and an inch and a half in diameter, with another crystal, about six inches long and one inch in diameter attached to it at right angles, I have also a spec- imen two and one half inches in diameter with replacements on the termination. This beryl occurs in a granular quartz, in boulders one to ten feet below the surface, although large specimens have been ploughed up on the surface. There is a deposit of good kaolin near the spring house on the same farm. In quarry of Benjamin Johnson, garnets. On Robert Longhead's farm, kaolin. On farm of ]\Iatthew Boyd, some specimens of blue kyanite have been found. Upper Chichester. A few good garnets, of the spessartite variety, about one inch in diameter, were found in the feldspar quarry of John B. McCay, on the north branch of Naaman's Creek. On the same farm, in a wash-out of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road, many fine spessartite garnets were found in a feldspar deposit which occurred in broken blocks, presenting almost the apoearance of masonry ; some good sphene of a yellow color, from a half inch to one inch in length, are also found here. In the same neighborhood, on the farm of J. B. Okie, amethyst crystals have been found. Of these one has been cut and mounted as a gem. Farm of John Carrol, adjoining that of J. B. Okie, a quarry of feldspar, for the manufacture of porcelain and for dental purposes, has been opened. Near Chelsea, on the farm of Stephen White, green garnet, gahnite, and flattened garnet, in mica occur. 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Aston. Farm of Wm. Haniuim, near Village Green, a large deposit of asbestus of good quality is found and is about to be mined. On Judge Tyson's farm, near Village Green, acicular tourmaline. On Brown's farm, adjoining Judge Tyson's, bronze corundum, corundum passing into margarite, and margarite pseudomorph after corundum. An old and prolific deposit of amethyst was on Chester Creek near Button's mill. A vein runs across the road which leads from Judge Tyson's to Button's mill, and large numbers of crystallized amethysts have been dug out for years and probably by deeper digging many more can be secured. This amethyst is of a beautiful purple color. A new road was laid out a few years ago along Chester Creek from Upland to Button's mills on the east side of the creek, and on the jNIcCall farm a pocket of fine amethyst of good color was found. On the farm connected with the Button's mills are boulders of autholite. On farm of Thomas Pancoast, asbestus. North of Button's mills some remarkable crystals of muscovite were found. At Llewellen, staurolite. On John Halberset's farm, enstatite, drusy quartz, hornblende. Near jNIorgan Station, quartz crystals, modified, with implanted minute crystals of ruby colored rutile. Bethel Township. On a farm at one time occupied by James Lancaster a large deposit of granular garnet is now largely mined by a company for the manufacture of sand paj^er. It is said to be a very superior article. Some gems have been found here. At Green's Creek above Chelsea, garnets have been washed out of the sand of the creek bed. Some fine gems have been cut from garnets from this locality. Concord. About one mile above Chelsea, on the farm of Harry Hannum, a large rock about twenty feet in diameter and about ten feet high rose up solitary on the lot. This rock consisted of antho- lite in radiations from three to four inches in diameter. It presented a peculiar and striking appearance before it was partly blasted away. On the Singer farm, antholite and enstatite were abundant, clino- chlore also occurs. On Samuel McClellan's farm, asbestus, clinochlore, tourmaline. On Mary Palmer's farm, bronzite, diaclasite, a beautiful mineral in yellow fibres one to two inches long. Of this mineral Bana gives 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 199 no American locality. Enstatite and antholite in pretty varieties are found. On Kandolph farm. Rose tree, amethyst in the soil, a manganese sand. On James Worral's farm, andalusite, fine large crystals, some large groups. A crystal, nine inches long two and one-half inches thick, is in the possession of Joseph Willcox. Very fine crystallized amethyst, two and a half inches by eight inches, and many smaller ones of a deep purple color, beryl, apatite, tourmaline have also been found. Morgan Hunter's farm near the Rose Tree Inn, andalusite, several fine crystallized amethysts. I have one from this locality three by three inches of a deep blue color ; amouite after andalusite ; antho- lite after andalusite. Middletotvn. On Joel Sharpless' fai-m, a quarry was opened about five years ago for feldsj^ar and a considerable quantity taken out, when it was abandoned. A very large deposit of mica, trans- parent and colorless except for some included magnetite markings, was found and utilized for stove doors. Beautiful microsco])ic crystals of quartz occur occasionally between the laminae, also very pretty flattened crystalline films of quartz. Beryls mostly altered entirely or in process of alteration, terminated or in terminated sec- tions, varying from one inch to nine inches in diameter, and from one inch to fifteen inches in length w^ere found. I have one in my cabinet, seven inches in diameter and fifteen inches in length, very little altered, terminated and of a pale green color, but opaque. Gahnite in small crystals was found, also small flattened green garnets. Rand reports finding rose quartz near the quarry ; along the road adjoining Isaac Evans' farm occur orthoclase and mus- covite. On Albert Darlington's farm, orthoclase. On Humphrey Marshall's farm, amethyst in a quartz vein in hornblende rock, rutile in crystallized amethyst. On John Tyler's farm. Dismal run, crystallized rutile, sillimanite, vermiculite in small crystals, ferruginous quartz, prase in mammil- lary masses. At Bishop's mill, garnets, some very fine ones, two inches in diameter, plumose mica. On Walker Yarnall's farm, cassinite, smoky quartz, some good specimens. 200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892 On Edward Siiiedley's farm, large boulders of corundum, asbestus, talc, muscovite, translucent across the prisms. On George Williams' farm, corundum. On John Smedley's farm, a few fine cry^^tals of corundum. On Phillip iNIullin's farm, near Black Horse, some fine crystallized corundum was ploughed up in the soil, and collected after heavy rains. In the ditch, on the west side of the road, going towards the Black Horse, and opposite the Mullen farm, many crystals of corun- dum have been picked up, w'ashed out after heavy rains. On a farm opposite P. Mullen's, corundum in albite has been found. A large pit was sunk and crystallized corundum, of a gray color and of a good quality for commercial purposes, was obtained. Many doubly terminated crystals from one to two inches long were found. On Ahinam Smedley's farm, corundum, albite, beryl, (some good ones), columbite, fergusonite, asbestus. At Mineral Hill, farm of LeAvis Moore, rock chrome, abundant. In Crump's Mineral Hill serpentine quarry, magnesite, chlorite, deweylite, talc. On John Smith's farm, near Black Horse, beryl, of a dark emer- ald-green color, in good crystals, out of which some gems have been cut. Albite, vermiculite, tourmaline, sunstone, moonstone, colum- bite have also been found. A pit was dug for corundum and good specimens obtained ; fibrous hornblende, actinolite of various shades of color, and enstatite, have been collected. Near Institute for Feeble Minded Children, stilbite, drusy quartz, hypersthene. At the " old chimney," north of Crump's quarry, was a small quarry for green feldspar yielding fine cleavage masses of a beautiful green color; some good crystals were found, but all more or less weathered. Sunstone, moonstone, columbite, a vein half an inch to an inch thick of an undetermined black mineral have also been collected. On Robert Moss' farm, garnet and stauiolite, in schist. On AV alter Beatty's farm, hornblende, titaniferous iron. On William Bonsai's farm, smoky quartz, actinolite, drusy quartz. On Charles Mills' farm, enstatite, marmolite, asbestus, boulders containing clinochlore. On Samuel Jackson's farm, radiated tourmaline. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 201 On Rev. Mr. Ross' farm, pyrite. On Samuel Wells' farm, magnetite. On Mathew Dobson's farm, rutile. On Jesse Hibbard's farm, near Black Horse, chrome sand in washings containing good crystals, and rarely brookite. Actinolite of a deep green color. Moonstone in very fine specimens, stalactitic magnesite, bronzite, corundum in albite. On road leading from Lima to Wawa, amethyst. On Media Railroad, near Williamson school, chrysolite. On Christian Scherz's farm. Black Horse, a peculiar chromic iron and hematitic iron intermixed with corundum. At Edgar Tyson's Black Horse Tavern, on road going towards Rockdale, one hundred and fifty yards below blacksmith shop, corundum. Several mines have been started in Middletown of late years for iron ore but have been abandoned, the ore not proving abundant. Some good showy specimens of limonite were found. At Lenni, at the deep cut of the Media Railroad, vermiculite of a deep green color, also of a bronze and a white color. Leelite, lennilite, delawarite and actinolite, also several masses of small quartz crystals of a pale green color were collected. A serpentine quarry was opened here. Edgemont. On Alfred James' farm, beryl. At and near Castle Rock, enstatite, asbestus, chrysotile, talc, limonite in fine specimens showing fibres three inches long, ferru- ginous quartz, some closely resembling compostella quartz, also, in cavities of honeycomb quartz, microscopic quartz crystals doubly terminated and bright red in color. Under the microscope the crystals are colorless and transparent but each contains a minute red speck which colors the whole to the naked eye. These make beautiful microscopic objects. Marple. On Major Jones' farm chromic iron. On Abby Worral farm, andalusite, some good specimens; in the public road near the mansion, amethyst. On Samuel Sharpless' farm, andalusite, tourmaline. On Albert AVorral farm, tourmaline. On all the farms passing north, andalusite. Radnor Totvnship. Moro Philips' chrome mine, chromite, garnet^ sphene, asbestus, steatite, limonite, magnetite. 14 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Passine: north into Radnor enstatite and asbestiform antholite and antholite containing bronzite and diaclasite are found. On Mary Palmer's farm in the triangle between the Coopertown- Newtown road, Roberts road and Chester and Radnor road, antho- lite is abundant. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 203 OBSERVATIONS UPON THE BRAIN OF THE GORILLA. BY HENRY C. CHAPMAN, M. D. The brain of the Gorilla has been described by Gratiolet', Owen^ Pansch^ Thane*, Bischoff^ and Broca''. It should be mentioned, howevei', that the brains described by Gratiolet and Owen were in such a decomposed condition as to admit of but little more than a very general description, while the brain described by Pansch was the same that was afterwards described by Thane and BischofF. Thane, moreoyer, does not appear to have ever seen the brain of the Gorilla he described, his remarks being based upon copies of the figures illustrating Pansch's paper. BischofF, however, had the opportunity of studying the brain itself, the specimen previously described by Pansch having been submitted to him for examination, at his request, by Dr. Bolau. Finally, the brain described by Broca differed so much from that described by Bischoff that the latter wrote to Broca to say that he believed the brain described by the latter was not that of a Gorilla at all, but that of a Chimpanzee. It was un- doubtedly, however, a Gorilla's brain. Since then Pansch has had the opportunity of dissecting three other Gorilla's brains the exam- ination of which confirms his previous conclusions, based upon the brain of the Gorilla studied by BischoflT and himself. It Avill be seen from the above resume of the literature of the subject, that the opportunities' of studying the brain of the Gorilla have been very few. In fact up to the present time, of the few Gorilla brains that have been obtained, supposing that described by Broca to have been a Gorilla, only five were in such a condition when received as to permit of description. It is to be hoped, there- fore, that the foUowdug brief description of the brain of the Gorilla obtained in the neighborhood of the Gaboon river by the Rev. R. H. Nassau and presented by him to the Academy, through the cour- tesy of Dr. T. G. Morton, together with two others to be mentioned hereafter, will not be considered as superfluous, especially as it differs in several respects from the brains previously described. 1 Comptes Rendus, I860. 2 Fullerian lecture, reported in Athenffium, March 23rd, 1861. ^ Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Hamburg, 1876, Jahresbericht iiber die Fortscliriue der Anat. und Phys., 1879. * Nature, Dec. 14th, 1876. ^ Sitzungsberichte Acad, der Wissenschaften zu Miinchen, Band vii, 1877. ^ Revue Anthropologique, 1878. 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. The brain, that of a young Gorilla, weighed one hundred and fifty grammes and measured ninety millimetres in length, seventy-five mil- limetres in breadth and sixty millimetres in height and was somewhat smaller than either of the brains previously described by Pansch and Bfoca. Each hemisphere of the cerebrum of the Gorilla, like that of man, is incompletely divided by more or less well defined and deep fissures into the following five divisions or lobes, viz: the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and central lobes. The fissure of Sylv- ius, PL XI, fig. 2 S, begins at the base of the hemisphere behind the origin of the olfactory nerves, and laterally from the optic chiasma. Passing thence outwardly it reaches the arched lateral surface of the hemisphere and divides into two branches. The posterior branch, PI. XI, fig. 2 S', the longest of the two passing obliquely upward and back- ward terminates in the supra-marginal convolution of the parietal lobe. The anterior vertical branch, PI. XI, fig. 2 S", the smallest of the two into which the Sylvian fissure divides, passing obliquely for- ward and then upward and slightly backward, terminates in that part of the third frontal convolution which is situated below the second frontal fissure and in front of the pre-central fissure. The anterior horizontal branch, the third into which the Sylvian fissure divides in the brain of Man, and usually undescribed even in special works upon the brain, while absent in this specimen appears to have been present in the brain of the Gorilla described by Broca. It should be mentioned in this connection, that this fissure, regarded by Broca as being the anterior horizontal branch of the fissure of Sylvius, was described by Pansch as the anterior vertical branch, and by BischofT as the orbital branch, both BischoflP and Broca regarding the slight indentati(>n above but not passing into the pos- terior branch of the Sylvian fissure, as the ascending vertical branch. Such an indentation is present, at least in the right hemisphere of the brain of the Gorilla under consideration, but we cannot attach to it the morphological significance attributed to it. The difference in interpretation of this fissure may be due to the fact of the brains described by Bischoff and Broca diflfering from each other and from that now described. Within the angle formed by the anterior and posterior branches of the Sylvian fissure may be seen, on the right side at least, of the brain of our Gorilla, the fifth lobe or island of Reil, the operculum leaving it partly uncovered. On the left side of the brain, however, the operculum fits so closely into the angle just referred to, that the island of Reil is completely 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES 6f PHILADELPHIA. 205 concealed. The operculum in the brain of the Gorilla, as in that of jNIan, is formed partly by the lower ends of the two central convolu- tions where they pass into each other, and partly by portions of the third frontal convolution and lower parietal lobule. The fissure of Sylvius, with its posterior branch, separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. The central fissure, or fissure of Rolando, PI. XI, figs. 1, 2 R, invariably present in the human brain as well as in that of most monkeys, is well marked in the brain of the Oorilla. Beginning on the upper surface of the hemisphere, slightly posterior to the middle line, it passes obliquely forward and down- ward to terminate near the upper border of the posterior branch of the Sylvian fissure, and is larger in the left than in the right hemi- sphere. The central fissure divides quite naturally in the Gorilla the frontal from the parietal lobes upon the upper surface of the hemisphere. The central fissure in its whole length is bordered, as in Man, by two convolutions, the anterior and posterior central convolutions, PI. XI, fig. 2 a, b. The former we regard as belonging to the frontal, the latter to the parietal lobes. It has already been mentioned that the lower ends of the two central convo- lutions, where they pass into each other around the end of the central fissure, enter into the formation of the operculum. While this is the case in the left hemisphere, it is not strictly so in the right one, since the central fissure is not only shorter on the right side than on the left, but also on account of the pre- central fissure on the right side being longer than on the left, it passes down in front of the central fissure and almost reaches the posterior branch of the Sylvian fissure. The anterior central convolu- tion, PI. XI, figs. 1, 2 a, may be considered as giving origin at different levels from above downward to the superior, middle and inferior frontal convolutions, PI. XI, figs. 2 c, d, e. The superior or first frontal convolution, PI. XI, fig. 2 c, is separated from the middle or second frontal convolution, PI. XI, fig. 2 d, by the first frontal fissure, and the second frontal convolution, PI. XI, fig. 2 d, from the inferior or third frontal convolution, PI. XI, fig. 2 e, by the second frontal fissure. It is impossible to say whether the con- volution, which, passing downward and forward and bending around reaches the orbital surface of the frontal lobe, should be re- garded as the continuation of the first or second frontal convolution or not. That the inferior part of the frontal lobe of the brain of the Gorilla, Pi. XI, fig. 2 e, should be regarded as homologous with at least 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. part of the third or inferior frontal convolution of the brain of Man, is shown by the fact that the convolution in question not only "sur- rounds the end of the anterior vertical branch of the Sylvian fissure, but its inferior lower part passes as an arched convolution under the operculum into the island of Reil. As a confirmation of this view it will be observed that the pre-central fissure, into which the second frontal fissure runs, PI. XI, fig. 2 d, passes downward between the anterior vertical branch of the fissure of Sylvius and the central fissure. The frontal lobes of the Gorilla differ, however, from those of Man in their anterior poi'tion terminating in a point. The inferior or third frontal convolution in the brain of the Gorilla differs, especially from the corresponding convolution in Man, in not only being relatively smaller but in its orbital surface being hollowed out to such an extent that the portion of the inferior frontal con- volution which in man surrounds or is below the anterior branch of the fissure of Sylvius, is absent. Indeed this should be so if, as we have just supposed, the anterior horizontal branch of the fissure of Sylvius is absent. It is hardly to be expected, therefore, that in addition to the olfactory fissure both the orbital fissure and the solco cruciform of Rolando' should be present in the brain of the Gorilla, especially as the fissures on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe in the brain of Man are variable in form. Only one fissure, in addition to the olfactory, is present in the orbital surface of the frontal lobe of the Gorilla's brain, and that resembles in both hemispheres rather the cruciform than the orbital fissure of Man. If the interpretation just offered of the convolutions of the frontal lobe of the brain of the Gorilla be correct, it follows that the frontal lobe of the brain of the monkeys below the Gibbon must consist essentially of only two convolutions, the superior and middle frontal, the inferior frontal convolution being in them but little developed, as in Macacxis, or absent altogether as in Cercopithecus. If such be the case then the convolution in monkeys described by Gratiolet^ as being the inferior or third frontal must be regarded as being the middle or second frontal con- volution, the inferior frontal convolution being but little, if at all developed. The view just oflJered, advanced also by BischofF,* as to the nature of the convolutions of the frontal lobe in the ^Memorie della R. Accad. delle Scienze di Torino, 1829, T. XXXV. ■'' Memoire sur les plis cerebraux de 1' Homme el des Primates. ^Beiirage zur Anatomic des Hylobates leuciscu-, \>. 78, Miinclien, 1870. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 207 primates, if correct, has a physiological as well as a morphological significance when considered in connection with the localization by Broca and other observers of the centre of articulate language in the inferior or third frontal convolution. For if the centre of speech be localized in that convolution, in its absence, though the larynx and nerves involved be present, the nervous plexus being inconiplete, speech becomes impossible. The parietal lobe anteriorly is separated from the frontal lobe by the central fissure, posteriorly from the occipital by the external and internal occipital fissures and laterally and inferiorly, at least in great part, from the temporal lobe by the posterior branch of the Sylvian fissure. The posterior central con- volution, the most anterior portion of the parietal lobe, may be regarded as giving origin to the superior and inferior parietal lobules which, passing backward towards the occipital lobe, are separated by the parietal fissure, PI. XI, fig. 2. The parietal fissure begins above and a little beyond the middle of the posterior branch of the Sylvian fissure and passes upward and forward, then obliquely upward and backward, and having nearly reached the top of the hemisphere turns again and finally passes into the external occipital fissure. Of the three secondary fissures of the superior parietal lobule, the most noticeable is that upon the surface of the hemisphere, just posterior to the central fissure which resembles very much in its form the cruciform fissure of the orbital surface of the frontal lobe. Of the convolu- tions entering into the formation of the inferior parietal lobule we regard those surrounding the terminations of the Sylvian and superior temporal fissures as being the supramarginal and angular convolutions. The mesial surface of the parietal lobe of our Gorilla was not as well preserved as the remaining parts of the brain, nevertheless that part of it lying between the ascending branch of the calloso-marginal and internal occipital fissures was identified as precuneus. The occip- ital lobe, forming the posterior portion of the hemisphere, is separated from the parietal lobe raesially and internally by the internal occipital fissure, and externally and laterally by the external occipital fissure. There are, however, no distinct boundaries between the occipital lobe laterally and inferiorly and the parietal and temporal lobes, the occipital passing continuously into the latter lobes as the occipital and occipito-temporal convolutions. The internal and external occipital fissures in the brain of the Gorilla mig'ht be viewed when 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. taken together as correspondiug to the parieto-occipital fissure in the brain of Man, supposing the latter to be broader and bridged over by the first occipital convolution. It appears to us, however, as more probable that the internal occipital fissure alone in the Gorilla should be regarded as homologous with the parieto-occipital fissure in Man, the external occipital fissure in the Gorilla corre- sponding to the fissure described in the brain of Man as the trans- verse occipital fissure. That the latter view is the correct one is still further shown by the fact already referred to of the parietal fissure passing into the transverse occipital fissure, which is often the case in Man. On the mesial, as well as upon the superior surface, the occipital is as distinctly separated from the parietal lobe by the parieto-occipital fissure in the brain of the Gorilla as in the brain of Man. It should be mentioned, however, that in the brain of the Gor- illa the parieto-occipital does not reach the calcarine fissure, as is usu- ally the case in the brain of Man, the two fissures being separated by a distinct convolution, the "deuxieme plis de passage interne" of Gratiolet, the " untere immere Scheitelbogen windung" of Bischoff: That is, the part of the occipital lube described in the brain of Manas the wedge-shaped convolution or cuueus is divided in the brain of the Gorilla into an upper and larger, and a lower and smaller portion. A similar disposition usually obtains in the brain of the anthropoids and the lower monkeys, though this convolution may be absent on one side at least, as was observed by the author^ in the case of a Chimpanzee. On the other hand, it should be men- tioned, as stated several years ago by the author'^ in a comnumica- tion made to this Academy, that he had observed this convolution, that is, the " deuxieme plis de passage interne " of Gratiolet, in the brain of Man, and he takes this opportunity of calling attention to its presence in the brain of the white man as well as in that of the negro. The calcarine fissure in the brain of the Gorilla passed into the hippocampal fissure, the convolution of the hippocampus being thereby separated from the convolution of the corpus callosum. In this respect the brain of the Gorilla agrees with that of the remain- ing anthropoids and lower monkeys, in which the calcarine usually passes into the hippocampal fissure. In the brain of the Gorilla described by Broca, however, the calcarine did not reach the hippo- 1 Proceedings A. N. S., Pnila., 1879. ' 2 Proceedings A. N. S., Phila., 1880. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 209 <;ampal fissure, the convolution of the hippocampus passing continu- ously into the convolution of the corpus callosum, a disposition sometimes observed in other anthropoids and monkeys, as in the Chimpanzee, Gibbon and Spider Monkey, and which, with few ex- ceptions, obtains in Man. The first occipital convolution, already referred to as separating the parietal and occipital lobes, in winding around the transverse occipital and the parieto-occipital fissures, PI. XII, fig. 3P, forms an arch convex inward, then convex outward, serving to connect the occipital Avith the parietal lobe, PI. XII, fig. 3 p, and more especially with the supramarginal lobule of the latter. Hence the various names, annectant, bridging convolutions, premier plis.de passage externe, obere immereScheitelbogen windung, given to this convolution as well as that of first occipital convolution. This bridging or arching convolution is well developed in both hemispheres of the brain of the Gorilla, that of the right hemisphere being slightly less superficial than that of the left. On neither side of the brain, PI. XII, fig. 3, of the Gorilla can it be said, however, that there exists an operculum, so striking a feature in the brain of the Chimpanzee and of the lower monkeys. The second occipital convolution, lying behind the transverse occipital fissure and outside the first occipital convolution, passes into the parietal lobe and more partic- ularly into the angular convolution of the latter. The third occip- ital convolution, better denned on the right side than on the left in the brain of our Gorilla, passes from the posterior extremity of the hemisphere into the second and third temporal convolutions, PI. XI, fig. 2 u, V. Unfortunately the inferior surface of the occipital lobe of our specimen was too much altered to admit of exact descrip- tion. Judging from what remains of it as compared with the cor- responding part of the brains described by Bischoff'and Broca, the lateral and median occipito-temporal convolutions must have been present and well defined. The tempoi'al lobe, while distinctly sep- arated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the Sylvian fissure, passes without defined boundaries, as just seen, into the occipital lobe and consists essentially of three convolutions. The superior temporal convolution, PI. XI, fig. 2 t, lying between the fissure of Sylvius and the superior temporal fissure, passes obliquely upward and backward into the superior marginal convolution. The middle temporal convolution, lying between the superior temporal and 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. inferior temporal convolutions, passes partly into the angular convolu- tion and partly into the occipital lobe. The inferior temporal convolu- tion, PL XI, fig. 2V, lying below the inferior temporal fissure, passes into the occipital lobe. The fifth lobe, insula or island of Reil, lying between the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, is but little developed in the brain of our Gorilla, much less so than in the brain of the Chimpanzee described by the author. The insula, while entirely covered by the operculum on the left hemisphere, is but partly so in the right. Unfortunately the hemispheres were so altered on the mesial surface in the hippocampal region as to render impossible the demonstration of the lateral ventricle with its hippo- campus major and minor, etc. Inasmuch, however, as the parts in question were demonstrated by the author in the brains of the Orang and Chimpanzee, as had been done i:)reviously by others, doubtless they existed in the brain of our Gorilla. As to the remaining parts of the brain of the Gorilla the medulla and pons did not present any espe- cially noticeable peculiarites. The cerebellum, Pl.XII, fig. 4,however, was not only absolutely but relatively smaller than that of Man or of the Chimpanzee or Orang, and was entirely covered by the cerebrum, the posterior or occipital lobes extending beyond the cerebellum to an extent of several millimetres, and this though the brain had been lying in alcohol for many months. The cerebellum was entirely covered, as was also the case in the two other brains of the Gorilla already referred to as having been too much altered to admit of description. It was equally well cov- ered in the brain of the adult Gorilla sent many years ago by the Rev. Mr. Nassau to Dr. Morton but which was unfortunately in such a condition in other respects as to render it unfit for description. It may be mentioned incidentally that the cerebellum of the Chim- panzee is larger than that of either the Gorilla or Orang, and it would appear that while it is entirely covered by the cerebrum in the adult or nearly adult animal, it is partly uncovered by the cerebrum in the young animal. At least of three Chimpanzees dis- sected by the author, in the two young animals it was demonstrated before the brain was taken out of the skull that the cerebellum was not covered by the cerebrum, and the same condition was observed in the brain of the young Chimpanzee dissected by Mr. Arthur E. Brown, Superintendent of the Philadelphia Zoological 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211 Garden, as well as in those described by Bischoff/ Muller," Giacomini.^ In the third Chimpanzee, a nearly adult animal dis- sected by the author, the cerebellum was entirely covered by the cerebrum, and such was stated to be the case in the brain of the Chimpanzee described many years ago by Marshall/ Of eight Chimpanzee brains, in six the cerebellum was found uncovered by the cerebrum, in two covered. In a previous communication addressed . to the Academy* it was stated that no one anthropoid ape w-as more closely related to Man in the totality of its organization than another and that no anthropoid now known could be regarded as the ancestor of the other anthropoids, still less as the ancestor of Man, each anthropoid agreeing in some respects with related forms and with Man and differing from them in others. A comparison of the brain of the Gorilla with that of the Orang, Chimpanzee and Man confirms the conclusion then arrived at. While the fissures and convolutions are disposed as we have seen in the brain of the Gorilla in the same manner, generally speaking, as in that of Man or of the Chimpanzee or Orang, it is nevertheless a low type of brain, being much less convoluted than the brain of Man or of either of the two other anthropoids. It might be supposed that this was due to the fact of the brain just described being that of a young animal. That such, however, is not the case is shown by the two other brains of the Gorilla not being any more convoluted, though both of them were larger and heavier and from older animals, The brain of the Gorilla further differs from that of Man or of the Chimpanzee or Orang in the markedly pointed shape of its frontal lobe, in the absence of the lower portion of the inferior or third frontal convolution, and in its orbital surface being so concave. With reference to this portion of the frontal lobe in the Gorilla it may be incidentally mentioned that the corresponding part in the brain of the Chimpanzee and especially in that of the Orang, presents the cruciform and orbital fissures disposed exactly as in Man, the orbital fissure being readily distinguished from the anterior branches of the Sylvian fissure. Had all these fissures been present in the brain of their Gorilla the interpretation of the orbital fissure 1 Gehirn des Champanzee, 1871. 2 Archiv fur Anthropologic, 1887. 3 Aui della R. Accad. Torino, 1889. * Natural History Review, 1861. ^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Philad., 1880. 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1862. would not have given rise to the discussion between Pansch and Bischoff already referred to. On the other hand the Gorilla agrees with the Orang in the superficial disposition of the occipital con- volutions, the operculum, so conspicuous a feature in the brain of the Chimpanzee, being absent. If it be permitted in the absence of living links or sufficient fossil remains to speculate upon the devel- oj^ment of Man and the anthropoids from lower forms of simian life it might be inferred from the character of the brain that the Gorilla had descended from some extinct Cynocephalus ; the Chimpanzee and Orang from extinct Macacque and Gibbon-like forms, and Man from some generalized simian form combining in itself the characteristics of existing anthropoids. The remote ancestors of such extinct forms, to recede still farther in geologic time, such as Necrolemur of Filhol, Notliarctus of Leidy, Lhnnotherinm of Marsh, Anaptomorphus of Cope, the latter the most simian Lemur yet discovered, resembled, as their names imply, the living Lemurs of the present day, intermediate forms connecting the extinct and existing genera having once lived but having now passed away. Notwithstanding the value and importance of the remains of Meso- donts, Prosimiseand Lemurs discovered, especially by Leidy, Marsh and Cope, in the eocene formations of the Rocky Mountains, a much more complete series of simian remains than is now available must be placed at the disposal of the evolutionist before even a general out- line of the geneology of Man and the remaining primates can be established. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 213 ON THE ANATOMY OF SAGDA, CYSTICOPSIS, ^GISTA AND DENTELLARIA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Sagda (Hyalosagda) similis C. B. Adams. (PI. XIII, figs. A. B. C. D. E.) The specimens were collected by Mr. C. W. Johnson at Port Antonio, Jamaica, in April, 1891. They were killed by drowning. The foot is very long and narrow, measuring length 20, breadth in the middle, 3 mm. The sides of the sole are subparallel. The sole (PI. XIII, fig. E, s.) has a central longitudinal sulcus, but is not tripartite. Above, the foot is granulated. The jaw (PI. XIII, fig. D.) is delicate, thin and arcuate, having no median projection. It resembles somewhat the jaw of Microphysa and Bulhnulus, seeming to be composed of twenty-seven narrow vertical plates, soldered together, but slightly overlapping on their outer edges. This shingle-like imbrication is not, however, as marked as in Bulimulus. The teeth resemble those of Sagda haldemaniana as figured by W. G. Binney, but they are shorter. The genital system (PI. XIII, figs. A. B. C.) is elongated. The female organs (fig. C.) lack dart sac or other accessory glands. The oviduct of the several specimens examined, contained from four to six ova, of a short-oval form, measuring 2*4 x 1*8 mm. The egg shell is hard, brittle and calcareous. The albumen gland (a, gl.) is narrow. The duct of the spermatheca (sp.) is very long, and is swollen at its origin. The male organs (figs. A. B.) are peculiar. The penis sac (p.) is long, and at its apex are inserted the vas deferens (v. d.), the retractor muscle (r. p.) and a long folded flagellum (fl.). From the middle of the penis sac springs a curiously complicated accessory diverticulum (figs. A, B., 2, o.). This organ is at first of equal size with the penis itself, but it then becomes very narrow; it again widens into a long, convoluted blind sac. In fig. A, this organ is seen in its natural position as it lies folded Avithin the body-cavity. In fig. B. the organ is seen uncoiled to show its form and length, I do not know that any similar structure has been observed hitherto. The retractor muscle of the penis seemed to be attached to the vaginal sac, instead of to the body-wall. This may possibly be a mistake, however. 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. Cysticopsis tenerrima C. B. Adams. (PI. XIII, fig. P.) The single siDeciinen which furnished the following details was taken by Mr. C. W. Johnson at Port Antonio, Jamaica, in April, 1891. The animal is black externally. The foot is short; sole indis- tinctly tripartite. The genitalia (PI. XIII, fig. F.) are more like Sagda than any other form as yet known, and the group must evidently be removed from the vicinity of Hemltrochus, Avhere it has hitherto been placed. The female system has the uterus enormously distended with young, which were twenty-seven in number in the specimen examined. The young shells are globular, consisting of two whorls ; when dry they are very iridescent. Those in the upper part are less developed than the lower ones, and a single ovum, enclosed in a very thin, brittle white shell, was found. The sperm atheca (sp.) has a long, bifurcat- ing duct, closely bound to the oviduct, its extreme upper portion only being free. The penis sac (^.) is long, the vas deferens inserted near its summit. It terminates in two flagellate organs (^.) the smaller being short and sickle-shaped. At the lower fourth of the penis-sac arises an organ comparable to the accessory organ in Sagda shnilis. This organ terminates in two long flagella (x. x.) Aegista platyomphala Mlldff. (PI. XIII, figs. G. H.) A specimen containing the dried animal furnished the jaw and lingual membrane. The jaw (PI. XIII, fig. H.) is rather strong, slightly arcuate, and furnished with five or six wide unequal ribs. These, with the exception of the one nearest the center, are low and not strongly defined. The cutting edge is weakly denticulated by the ribs. The superior-lateral portions of the jaw are thin. The radula (PI. XIII, fig. G.) is short and broad, consisting of 33- 1-33 teeth. The rhachidian tooth (r.) and the inner ten laterals lack side cusps. The eleventh lateral develops a side cusp. There are fifteen or sixteen time lateral teeth. The inner marginal teeth become tricuspid by the bifurcation of the principal cusp ; the outer marginals are quadricuspid, the side cusp also bifurcating. The shell furnishing these preparations is Xo. 60,443 of the Academy collection. Collected by Mr. B. Schmacker. Locality, Kwangtung(Guangdung), China. Caracolus (Dentellaria) orbiculata Ft-r. (PI. XIII, fig. T. J.) The specimens were collected in Martinique by I'Abbe Vathelet, and transmitted to me by post, alive. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 215 The jaw of this species has been figured as smooth by Binney, but as that examined by me difl^ers in having about seven low, unequal, rounded ribs, I have deemed it best to figure it for comparison (fig. J.). It is likely that there is considerable variation in this organ, some closely allied species having a strongly ribbed jaw, others a smooth jaw, as Binney has demonstrated. The sole is indistinctly tripartite. The genitalia are intermediate between those of Lucerna and Caracolus s. str. The penis has a short flagellate extension beyond the insertion of the vas deferens (fig. I,/.). The spermatheca duct is long (sp.) The genitalia of Caracolus, Lucerna, Dentellaria and Thelidomus have proved that the reference of all these large, opaque Helices of tropical America to a single genus (^Caracolus) is a natural arrange- ment. The classification proposed by me in 1889', mainly npon conchologic characters, will therefore stand. It is safe to predict that the South American sections Lahyrinthus and Isomeria will prove to be essentially similar to Lucerna and Dentellaria in anatomy. Explanation of Plate XIII. Fig. A. Genitalia of Sagda similis, showing the penis and the lower portion of the female system, p. penis; r. p. retractor muscle of the penis ;_/?. flagellum; 2. o. accessory organ of the penis; v. d. vas deferens. Fig. B. View of the lower portion of the penis with its accessory organ, the latter partially pinned out. Lettering as in fig. A. Fig. C. Female genital organs of Sagda similis. At 0. are seen eggs in the ovi- duct. Fig. D. Jaw of Sagda similis. Fig. E. Foot of Sagda similis. t. tail, showing granulation, s. sole showing the median furrow. Fig. F. Genital system of Cysticopsis tenerrima Ad, /. penis ;y?. flagellum ; r. p. retractor muscle; v. d. vas deferens x. x. flagellate extensions of the accessory organ of penis ; g. cl. genital cloaca; sp. spermatheca; a. gl. albumen gland ; h. d. hermaphrodite duct. Fig. G. Teeth of Aegista platyottiphala Mlldff". Fig. H. Jaw oi Aegista platyompkala Mlldff". Fig. I. Genitalia of Denlellaria orbiculata Fer. Lettering as in Fig. F. ^^Z- J- Jaw of Dentellaria orbiculata Fer. ^ Manual of Conchology, 2d Series, V, p. 75, 76. 216 proceedings of the academy of [1892^ May 3. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Forty-six persons present. In Memory of Dr. Sereno Watson — The following resolutions were received from the Botanical Section and unanimously adopted : — Whereas — The Botanical Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has learned with profound regret of the death of Dr. Sereno Watson of Cambridge, Mass., and desirous of placing on record its sense of this great loss, in consequence of which botanical science througout the world suffers, therefore. Resolved. — That we recognize his invaluable services in the dis- semination of a knowledge of American botany, a work to which he had given his undivided attention for many years and which has rendered his name famous wherever the study of plants and plant life has been cultivated. Resolved. — That a copy of this minute be forwarded to the President of Harvard University and to the Gray Herbarium at Harvard with which he was so long associated, and that the same he offered for publication in the Proceedings of this Academy. May 10. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Forty-two persons present. The deaths of D. B. Cummins, a member, and of Dr. C. A. Dohru, a correspondent, were announced. May 17. The President, General Isaac J. AVistar, in the chair. Forty-three persons present. May 24. The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair. Forty-three persons present. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 217 On the Cephalo-humeral Muscle and the so-called rudiviental Clav- icle of Carnivora. — Dr. Harrison Allen spoke of some of the peculiarities of the cephalo-humeral muscle in mammals and invited especial attention to the presence of a small iibro-cartilaginous disc in the junction of the cephalo-humeral with the muscles which are inserted in the bones at the region of the shoulder. This is well defined in Felts and is identihed as a rudimental clavicle. Dr. Allen had detected this structure in Herpestis, Taxklea, Cercoleptes, JBassarls and Frocyon. The cartilage is either in the form of a flat disc or a minute scythe-shaped rod, and is constant in lying directly over the greatest convexity formed by the round of the shoulder. It seems to give strength to the centre of a muscle-system of which the cephalic, cervical, pectoral and latissimal sheets are parts. The identification of such a plate or rod with a true clavicle is doubtful since in Balantiopteryx (a genus of bats) the structure above de- scribed is remarkably developed while the clavicle is as well formed as in any other animal. The long rod-like body is con- tinuous with a fascicle of fibres arising from the pectoralis and receives the insertion of the occipito-iJollicalis, The anterior end of the rod lies in the upper border of the wing membrane and is continuous with the fibrous tliread which represents the tendon of tlie occipito-poUicalis as this muscle is defined in the bats generally. From both the proximal and distal divisions of this muscle delicate fascicles pass toward the elbow and the entire plan appears to be associated with the rudiment of the characteristic skin sac. Slight modification of this arrangement is met with in the allied genus Rhynchonycteris. Comparison of this arrangement with that seen in the common brown bat (Adelonycteris fuscvs), the noctula bat (^NoctuUnia noctula), and the false vampire ( Vampyrus spectrum) showed that the part taken by the rod in Balantiopteryx is the tendon of a pectoral muscle-fascicle which is inserted into the occipito-j)ollical muscle as it crosses the shoulder, while in the group of the Molossi the muscle-fascicle is fleshy throughout its entire extent, but on the whole preserving the same relations. Thus the fibro-cartilage of Balanteopteryx is represented by fibrous tissue in AdeloHycieris and both these in turn by muscle in the Molossi. Dr. Allen believed that it was inexact to speak of a clavicle and of this rod as things which were equal. The clavicle acts with the scapula in supporting the head of the humerus but in no wise limiting or determining its movements, while the rod is always over the outer aspect of the shaft of the humerus below its head and here acts as a check to abduction of this bone. 15 218 proceedings of the academy of [1892. May 31. Mr. Charles Morris in the chair. Twenty-nine members present, A paper entitled "A Catalogue of the- Fishes of Greece, with notes OQ the Vernacular Names now in use and those employed by Classical Authors," by Horace Addison Hoffman, assisted by David Starr Jordan, was presented for publication. Henry Redmond, M. D. and J. F. Sachse were elected members. Edw. J. Miers, of London, was elected a correspondent. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 219 ON THE MECHANICAL GENESIS OF THE SCALES OF FISHES. BY JOHN A. RYDEPv. Fourteen years ago the present writer suggested that the slow metamorphosis of the forms of the crowns of the teeth of mammalia/ in the course of a vast number of successive generations, might l)e ascribed to the continuous, slow and cumulative action of mechanical strains and pressures in definite directions, resulting in the produc- tion of permanent stresses and consequent changes in the forms of the crowns, especially of the molar series. The evidence since accumulated from vertebrate palaeontology and anatomy has served to strengthen the belief tliat such an hypothesis cannot be dismissed as useless until a better one has been offered in its stead. The pre- sent paper is an attempt to apply somewhat analogous reasoning to a somewhat simpler, but no less interesting, problem in morpho- genesis. The mechanical hypothesis now to be offered respecting the genesis of the scales of fishes, accounts for the origin of such scales from a continuous subepidermal matrix, which may be regarded as a base- ment membrane. Such a matrix is found to actually exist in some forms, at an early stage, just beneath the epidermis. It is thickest on the dorsal and lateral aspects of the body as is seen in sections of the young of the scaleless Batrachns tau, for example. Such a matrix also exists in the larval stages of other scale-bearing forms and may be continuous with the very attenuated basement mem- brane from which the actinotrichia or primordial fin-rays of embryo fishes seem to be in part differentiated. Such a matrix is almost co-extensive with the whole epidermal layer of the young of many types of fishes, just at the time when the scales commence to be developed. The hypothesis further accounts for the arrangement of the scales in longitudinal and in oblique rows in two directions. The oblique rows are arranged, as is well-known, in a direction from above downward and backward and also in the reverse direction from below upward and backward. That is, the scales may be counted in rows in three directions downward and forward as well as down- 1 On the Mechanical Genesis of Tooth -forms. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1878. 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. ward and backward, and, starting from any scale in any oblique row, they may be counted either forward or backward longitudinally or in conformity with the direction of the axis of the body of the fish. Tills is cons^iicuously the case in Clupeoids and some Cyprinoids. In such archaic types as these, approximating the primitive iso- spondylous condition, it is also found that the number of scales in a longitudinal row corresponds, on the sides of the body, very exactly with the number of muscle-plates or somites of the body. It is also found that the rayocommata or sheets of connective tissue interven- ing between the successive somites are attached with great firmness CD O to the deeper layers of the skin or corium. Such a construction, together with the peculiar arrangement of the muscle plates at the time the scales begin to develop conditions the further growth of the scale matrix. This is affected in such a manner that the whole of the integument is thrown into definitely circumscribed areolae, during the ordinary movements of the fish in swimming. The central portions of each of these areolae are left in a quiescent con- dition while their margins are wrinkled or folded as a result of the current action of the lateral muscles of the body. In this wise each and every one of the dermal and epidermal areolse are circum- scribed by the action of the fish in the normal act of swimming. In each of the circumscribed areolse a scale develops; the continuity of its development with its fellows across the margins of the areola is prevented by the continual bendings or flexures to which the dei'mis is there subjected owing to the action of the muscles. This will be better understood by referring to the accompanying diagram rei:)resenting the arrangement of the muscular somites of a Cyprinoid (Carasshis) with their intervening myocommata as seen from the side when the skin with its scales is removed. Before proceeding further, however, it may be well to insist upon the fact that the rows of scales are found to conform to the successive somites. This is of itself significant. The careful interpretation of the facts from observation, however, discloses a very remarkable effect due to the peculiar arrangement of the muscle plates. As is well known the muscular masses of the sides of the body of a fish are arranged in the form of two longitudinal trihedral columns separated along the middle line of the side a to 6 into a dorsal and venfral half The somites entering into the composition of these ventral and dorsal masses were at first absolutely continuous across 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 221 the longitudinal, horizontal septum a, h. If we suppose the somites of the adult as developed from a continuous embryonic segment JT m ^ y W w: extending the whole depth of the body, then will somites I, II, III, IV, V etc., in the figure form two parallel series of muscular blocks above and below the line a, h. Each half somite is also seen to present an acute apex directed backward at the points c and c' above and below the line a, h. The somites 1, II, III, IV and V are therefore sigmoid in outline as seen from the exterior. The myocommata or connective tissue septa 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6 etc., which intervene between the somites, have a corre- sponding sigmoid arrangement. The sigmoid or :^-shaped myo- commata and the myotomes, are reciprocally coadapted to each other in configuration like a nest of :^ :^ ^ :^'s turned upon their sides. If w^e further supposed that thin and thick-legged :^'s alternated thus ^:^^^^^ we might suppose the thin-legged ones to represent the myocommata and the thick-legged ones the muscle plates or myotomes. The muscular fibres of the thick-legged ^'s run longitudinally from the posterior surface of the myocomma immediately in front of it, to be inserted into the anterior face of the myocomma immediately behiud it. The muscular tension is therefore exerted upon the opposite sides of the myocommata and is thus propagated along the sides of the body from the head to the tail, from the first to the last myotome. But the tension upon the inner face of the skin is alonsr the lines of insertion of the mvocom- mata 1 dc, 2 dc, 3 de, etc., this will serve to wrinkle the skin not only along the lines 1 dc 2 dc, etc., but also to cause wrinkles to appear along the dotted lines, cZ, d! , e and d. In this way it is easy to see that the whole lateral integument will be thrown into definitely circumscribed rhomboidal areola) in which separate overlapping scales s, s, s, s, may appear. The wrinTvles thus produced by the 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. tension of myocommata upon the integuments of the body will cross each other and be reinforced at six points in the zigzag transverse course of each rayocorama, viz., twice at each of the points c and c' and along the line a, b, where the middle limb of the -^ rests. The only point which now remains to be discussed is the imbrica- tion of the scales. This is also as readily accounted for as the delimitation of the scale-forming areolie, s, s, s, and their tri-linear arrangement in three directions in the convex surface of the integu- ment by means of the mechanical hypothesis here outlined. If we / * J «- J- 6 / f f Fig. 2. were to make a longitudinal transverse section through a fish along the plane of the letters c, c, c, or c c' d of Fig. 1, we should get a section like Fig. 2 in whicii the myotomes M, M, M, etc., Fig. 2 were again found to be V-shaped on either side of the medial axis or vertebral column c, c, Fig. 2. This proves that the myotomes are really cones fitting into one another and that jf we suppose the first one to be inserted into the base of the skull along the line A, B, Fig. 2, that point becomes the anterior fulcrum or 'point d'appui of the whole muscular system. The tensions thus developed upon the skin along the successive myocommata 1, 2, .3 etc., Fig. 2, is such that the integument would be flexed inward opposite each myocomma as shown in the next figure, on a larger scale, which represents the foldings of the integument at the surface of a part of Fig. 2. Here in Fig. 3, the myocommata m, i', m, i', m, etc. are seen to be inserted uj)on the internal face of the epidermis ep, ep. The membrane m, m, m, m, acted upon by the muscular fibres of the myotomes IM, ]\[, M, will have the effect of pulling the integument inward in the direction Fig. 3. of the arrows i' , i', from the linear points of attachment of the myocommata to the inte- 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 223 guments at i, i, i, toward the vertebral bodies V, V, Y. In this manner will be developed the imbrication indicated by the heavy border along the posterior margins of the scales s, s, s, in Fig. 1, and in Fig. 3, in longitudinal section through the scale sacks or pockets at s, s, s. It will be clear that in the case considered the arrangement and imbrication of the scales is determined by the actions of the segmentally arranged muscles of the body. In other words, what- ever has determined the development of somites has also, in the most clear and direct manner, detei'mined the segmentally recurrent and peculiar tri-linear and imbricated arrangement of the scales of many fishes. It may be urged in objection that heredity has determined the number, arrangement and the development of the somites and, therefore, the development of the scales is also a sequence of hereditary influences working thus indirectly. This view of the case may be admitted without invalidating the conclusion that, given the growing mechanism here described, the development of the scales would under any circumstances have been interfered with at the points where the integument was being continually flexed, wrinkled or folded as it is around the integumentary areolae wherein the scales are formed, as has been here proved to correspond with the facts. Special types of squamation amongst fishes may require an inter- pretation different as to details from the foregoing, but it is probable that such special cases will rather tend to confirm than otherwise the views developed in this sketch of an hypothesis respecting the mechanical origin of the arrangement and imbrication of the scales of fishes. For example, one of the most extreme cases, that of the sturgeon, shows that the smaller integumentary plates between the large dorsal, lateral and ventral rows, conform to these lines of tension of the myocommata upon the integument. An even more instructive example is that of the common eel in which the scales are oblong rhombs or parallelograms, arranged with their diameters in oblique lines, running in two directions conformably with the tensions, wrinklings and foldings of the integuments j^roduced by the oblique insertions of the muscles when the latter are brought into action. Other cases where the scales are very fine might be urged in objection, especially where several oblique rows of scales are found to correspond to each somite. Such parallel duplication of scale rows, however, does not invalidate the principle since the rows 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892.. still conform to the lines of tension of the linear attachment of the myoconimata to the integuments. The hypothesis may also be extended so as to consistently consider such forms as the pipe fishes and other anomalous forms, where sluggish habits coupled with the almost exclusive use of the dorsal fin in swimming, has rendered the lateral musculature of the body comparatively subordinate in function, and which may even lead to secondary fusion of somites and the consolidation of consecutive pairs or triplets of vertebral centra into single vertebral bodies. Two conclusions of prime importance may be drawn from the hypothesis and the evidence here presented, namely : 1. The scales of fishes bear a segmental relation to the remaining hard and soft parts, and are either repeated consecutively and in oblique rows corresponding to the number of segments, or they may be repeated in rows as multiples of the somites, or segmental reduc- tion may occur which may affect the arrangement of the scales so as to reduce the number of rows below the number of somites indicated by the other soft and hard parts. 2. The peculiar manner of interdigitation of the muscular somites, as indicated by the sigmoid outline of the myocommata, as seen from their outer faces, and the oblique direction of the membranes separating the muscular cones, has developed a mode of insertion of the myocommata upon the corium which has thrown the integu- ment into rhombic areolae during muscular contraction. These areolae are in line in three directions and the folds separating them, particularly at their posterior borders, are inflected in such a manner by muscular tensions, due to the arrangement of muscular cones, as to induce the condition of imbrication so characteristic of the squaination of many fishes. 1892.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 225 June 7. Mr. John H. Redfield in the chair. Thirty-nine persons present. The death of H. F. Formad, M. D., a member, was announced- June 14. Mr. Charles Morris in the chair Thirty-five persons present. A communication from Edw. D. Cope on the fauna of the Blanco Beds of Texas was read and referred to the Publication Committee as a paper under the provisional title " The Fauna of the Blanco Beds of Texas." June 21. Mr. Uselma C. Smith in the chair. Thirty-one persons present. June 28. Dr. Geo. H. Horn in the chair. Twenty-four ])ersons present. The following were elected members : — J. Hunter Ewing, C. A. Hamann, M. D., Henry Whelen and Francis ]M. Brooke. The following were ordered to be printed : — 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. A CONTRIBUTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE FAUNA OF THE BLANCO BEDS OF TEXAS. BY EDW. D. COPE. Prof. E. T. Dumble, State Geologist of Texas, appointed Prof. W. F. Cummins to conduct the survey of the northwestern district of the state, and in pursuance of this order the latter gentleman is now examining the mesozoic and cenozoic beds which compose and underlie the Staked Plains. I accompanied this party in the capacity of paleontologist, having already determined the vertebrate fossils collected by the Survey's expeditions of last year (see Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, first No. for 1892). The superficial formation of the Staked Plains has been deter- mined by Prof R. T. Hill to be of late cenozoic age, and the term Blanco beds has been applied to it b}' Prof Cummins. The exami- nation of the vertebrate fossils from it led me to state (loc. cit.) that in age the Blanco formation intervenes between the Loup Fork below and the Equus bed above, in the series. This conclusion was based chiefly on the fact of the presence of horses of the genus Equus {E. simplicidens Cope) in association with mastodons of the molar dental type of the Tetrabelodon angustidens, an association not previously met with in North America. In addition to these species, the presence of a jDeculiar land tortoise {Testudo turgida Cope), and of a new genus of birds allied to the rails (Crecoides Shuf.) was established. I propose to present- to the Academy, a list of the species obtained, so far, from the Blanco beds by the present expedition, with such conclusions as may be derived from it. TESTUDINATA. Testudo turgida Cope, loc. cit. Testudo pertenuis, sp. nov. Founded on a large specimen measuring three and a half feet in length by three in width, and remarkable for the transverse width of the vertebral dermal scuta. The carapace is rather flat and descends steeply posteriorly, the anal marginal bone being some- what incurved. Margins of carapace flare outwards above the legs. The plastron has a rather wide lip, with flat base, and straight lat- eral borders ; its anterior border is lost. The posterior lobe is deeply 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 227 and widely notched, terminating on each side in a subequihateral angular prominence. Both carapace and plastron are without sculpture, the posterior angles of the plastron onl}' being longitudi- nally grooved below. The vertebral scuta are considerably wider than long, as is also the anal scutum. Both carapace and plastron are very thin, not exceeding one-quarter inch in the specimen described, except at the borders. Measui*ements : Length over all 4-2 feet; width over all 4 feet ; width of penultimate dorsal scute 1-275 feet, length '85 feet ; width of last vertebral scute 1-35 feet ; width of anal scute 1-5 feet, length -6 feet. Length of penultimate costal scute -9 feet ; length of last costal -95 feet. Width of lip of plastron at base '8 feet ; width of anterior lobe at axillae 2 feet. Width of posterior lobe of plastron at base 2 feet ; width at fundus of median notch 1-1 feet ; Avidth at apices of angular processes '85 feet ; depth of notch -5 feet. This is the largest species of land tortoise yet known from North America. EDENTATA. Megalonyx, sp. Teeth and fragments of skull. CARNIA'ORA. A canid and three undetermined forms represent the Carnivora. PROBOSCIDIA. Mastodon successor, sp. nov. This species is represented by teeth in collections previously made by Prof Cummins, and though the characters of these resemble closely those of the Tetrabelodon angustidens, I did not identify them as pertaining to that species. From its association with the genus Equus, I suspected that it would prove to be distinct from the latter ; and the accession of more material proves this to be the case. It is a species of the genus Mastodon and not of Tetrabelodon, having a very short, contracted and elephant-like symphysis. The most complete specimen is represented by both rami of the lower jaw with symphysis complete, but lacking angles and condyles ; accom- panied by a tusk of the upper jaw. The latter is without enamel band. The second true molars are in place, showing their patterns, and the third molars have only three crests protruded. Besides 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. the subsidiary tubercles which form the trefoils of the inner side of the molars there are a few other tubercles closing the valleys. The second true molars have a narrow fourth cross-crest. jNIeasurements : Length of left ramus preserved 2.55 feet ; length from anterior base of coronoid process to apex of snout 1'55 feet; length of sec- ond true molar '45 feet ; Avidth between second molars "35 feet ; total width of rami at middle of M. 3-l'4 feet; width of crown of M. 3 at front crest '35 feet ; diameter of tusk near middle •625 feet. This species is nearest to the Mastodon andmvi Laurill., but that species, according to Burmeister, has an elongate symphysis, although without tusks. Mastodon cfr. mirificus Leidy. Rather common. Mastodon cfr. shepardii Leidy. One molar obtained. PERISSODACT^LA. Equus simplicidens Coi)e, 1. e. The most abundant mammal and retaining exactly the characters of the molar teeth as originally defined. Equus, sp. Smaller and with plicate enamel. Equus, sp. Much smaller than the last, and quite rare ; not determined. ARTIODACTYLA. Pliauchenia. A large species about the size of the existing camel is abundant ; not determined. PlimiGhenia bones of a species larger than the last may be referable to this genus. Small Artiodactyla not determined. Of the preceding list of fifteen species it may be remarked that Megdlouyx and Equus are not Loup Fork genera, while Mastodon and Pliauchenia are such. No species is found in the Loup Fork bed. On the other hand, Megalonyx and Equus are Equus-bed genera, while Pliauchenia and Mastodon have not been found in them, although it is probable that the latter existed. No species is found in that horizon. The conclusion is inevitable that the fauna of the Blanco bed is intermediate between the two mentioned, and that it fills an 1892.] NATURAL SCIKNCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 229 important gap in geologic and paleontologic history. It was a fauna including species of large size, the relative abundance of mastodons, camels and horses being especially noteworthy. The fiict that no trace of rhinoceros has been found is remarkable. - > r 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. A CATALOGUE OF THE FISHES OF GREECE, WITH NOTES ON THE NAMES NOW IN USE AND THOSE EMPLOYED BY CLASSICAL AUTHORS. BY HORACE ADDISON HOFFMAN AND DAVID STARR JORDAN. The first-named author of the present paper spent a large part of the spring and summer of 1890 in Greece. Part of this time was devo- ted to making collections of the fishes found in the markets of Athens and to the study of the vernacular names now applied by the Greek fishermen to these fishes. Each fish as obtained was preserved in alcohol, a number attached to it, and a record kept of the vernacu- lar name attached to this number. The persistence of vernacular names of fishes and other animals is known to be very great, and it may be safely assumed that the most of these names now heard in Athens are derived from those applied to the same species in the time of Aristotle. It has been thought that a study of these names would tend to throw light on those applied to fishes by classical authors. The fact that no such collection or comparison of names of fishes has yet been made is the justification of this paper. A single catalogue of the fishes of Greece is known to me, that published by my friend, Professor Apostolides in 1883 (La Peche en Grece : par Nicolas Chr. Apostolides). This work contains numerous vernacular names and it has been largely drawn upon in the present paper. In this paper is printed a systematic list of the fishes known from Greece, either on the authority of Apostolides or from my own col- lection, wuth the vernacular names and such notes on them as I am able to offer. No one can be more fully aware than I am, of the unsatisfactory character of many things in this paper. It was often difficult or impossible to make out with certainty just what Aristotle meant. Some terms occurring over and over and evidently having a very definite meaning to him are obscure to us, and the meanings given in the dictionaries are only guesses. A good illustration of this is the word n-o'^iufm, usually translated diaphragm. We have no right to assume that Aristotle always, or ever, meant by this term the diaphragm, especially in those instances where it makes him entirely wrong in regard to the anatomical facts. In those matters 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 231 "which could be seen by dissection I feel convinced that Aristotle made the dissections for himself and reported what he saw. He may not always have seen aright in nice point;;, and he certainly did not understand what he saw as it is understood in the light of modern science ; but there is no ground for assuming that he did not see what would be apparent to any one who took the least pains to look, even if with unpractised eye. A striking confirma- tion of the correctness of his observation in matters of anatomy was aflTorded by the repeated statement that the fid-iiayo^ (Lophhis piseatorlus) has its gall bladder upon the intestine, not upon the liver. A dissection of this fish by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert proved the statement of Aristotle to be correct. I believe that a reading of Aristotle in the original accompanied by dissections of the ani- mals in question would bring one to a much better understanding of his anatomical terms, which are much in need of some such elucidation. It is quite otherwise when he comes to the habits of the fishes and other matters than anatomical knowledge. Here he has to depend upon the observations of the fishermen and others, and what he has to say simply records the prevalent beliefs. Of course much of this fisherman's lore is real knowledge gained from observation, but it has also a considerable share of myth. Another great source of difficulty is corruption of the text. Considering all the time and the vicissitudes that the Mss. of Aristotle have passed through it is always more or less problematical as to whether in any given passage we have just what Aristotle said. For the nomenclature and systematic arrangement of the species, the identification of my specimens, and for all matters purely zoo- logical in character I am indebted to Dr. David S. Jordan, at whose suggestion the work was undertaken. The specimens obtained are in the museum of the University of Indiana. Explanatory jS'otes. 1. The following order of statement has been adopted: (1) Sci- entific name by Dr. Jordan. (2) M. G. (Modern Greek) name or names heard by me in Greece, if any ; each name followed immediately by a small figure in parenthesis indicating the number of specimens secured under that name. (3) A reference to the page of Aposto- lides' book (La Peche en Grece par Nicolas Chr. Apostolides, Ath- ens, 1883), where the species is given, followed by the scientific 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. name used by him, and the vernacular name or names given by him. (4) The similar name or names from A. G. (Ancient Greek) authors, chiefly Aristotle, references to the places in their works where these names are found, and a gathering up of the chief things said about the fish in question, especially anything which might in any way help to fix the identity of the species. Explanatory remarks and comments are thrown in wherever in each case it seems most suitable. 2. Modern Greek names marked with an asterisk (*) were heard by me in the market at Athens, sometimes elsewhere in Greece, but do not occur in Apostolides' list. 3. Names marked with a dagger (j) occur in Apostolides, but were not heard by me in Greece. 4. Names not marked by any sign were both heard by me and found in Apostolides. They are not marked if the variations in form are slight and insignificant, even if the forms are not identical. 5. When the names are derived from other sources the source is given in connection with the name. 6. The references to Aristotle are taken from the Index Aris- totelicus of Hermann Bonitz, and, as there, refer to the ])age, col- umn and line of the quarto edition of Aristotle's works issued by the Royal Academy of Prussia through Georg Reimer, Berlin. The references to Athenaeus, mostly from the Vllth book, are given by book and section, Editio C. Tauchnitii, Otto Holtze, Leipzig, 1887. 7. Species obtained by me in Greece are marked H. The list which follows is that of Apostolides, the species arranged in accordance with the views of American authors and the accepted rules of nomenclature applied to their names. Family BEANCHIOSTOMATIDJE. 1. Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas). Apost. 35 (Branchiostoma laneeola or Amphioxus lanceolatus) Family PETROMYZONTID^. 2. Petromyzon marinus (L). Apost. 34 (^Petromyzon marinus), f lap-fiv^a, Lat. lanx'peira, rock- sucker, Eng. lamprey ; 'AaiJ-jivMi. is evidently of Latin and Italian origin. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 233 Family SCYLLIORHINIDJE. 3. Scylliorhinus canicula (L). Apost. 5 {Seyllium canicula), f (txuXc, f ay.ok6(}iapo, dog, dog-fish, A. G. a/.vXaS, whelp, pup, dog. M. G. (Txu).t(o-j), dog. Aristotle, axuXiov, name of a fish, 565a 16-26 ; 566a 19. According to Aristotle the ova of the a/.uUw are grown fast between the branches of the oviduct about the backbone ; as these ova increase in size they change their position and move around into one or the other branch of the oviduct, which is forked and grown fast to the u-o^wp.a (diaphragm, peritoneum) just as in other similar fishes. The oviduct of both this and the other Galeodes has at a little distance from the u-o^atim a kind of white breasts (oviducal glands) which are not present when they are not preg- nant. The shells of their eggs are shaped like the tongues (reeds) of pipes (aukoi), and there are attached to them hair-like ducts. The other yalzoi breed twice a year, but the av.olw only once. 4. Catulus stellaris (L). Apost. 5, 6 (Scyllium catulus), f y^J-'^f^'S = xd-o?, cat. Byzantine and Roman times, xdrza, xdrzo^; Latin, crtfto, Martial 13,69. I find no ancient application of this name to a fish. Family ALOPIIDJE. 5. Alopias vulpes (Gmelin). Apost. 6, f axijKu(l'o.po. Family CARCHARIIDJE, 6. Carcharias ferox (Risso). Apost. 6. (^Odontaspis ferox.) Family LAMNID^. 7. Lamna cornubica (Gmelin). Apost. 6, t yai'M/.. Mentioned by Arist. 506b 10 among long fishes with the gall on the liver. Also mentioned by Epicharmus, Frag. 30. I saw some fishermen catch a hammer-headed shark in the Bay of Eleusis, but all the names I could elicit were zavj^xj (?) possibly ■/.u'^Ui =z. little dog, and aYi)'.uil£:3rj<} and yalswdrj'^ all occur quite frequently in Aristotle. 505a 15, 489b 5 and 6, 511a 4-6, 1529a 29, 621b 16, 565b 28, 543a 17, 566a 17, 565a 26, 754b 33, 565b 2ff, 508b 17 (Here yaX.Tj is probably the proper reading, M. G. ydXca, Lota fluviatalis. Cf. Aelian xv, 11, Bonitz.), 565a 20, 566a 31, 565a 14, 540b 19, 505a 18, 505a 5, 506b 8, 507a 15, 540b 27. According to Aristotle the yaXein^^re. the long (jeXdyji with uncovered gills on their sides (sharks), as distinguished from the flat atX.dyr^ with uncovered gills underneath them (rays). The^aAsoi'areovoviviparous, produce at the most three young at a time, and admit their oflspring 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 235 iuto themselves (iuto their mouths) and let them out again. The TrncxO.n? and akw-zy.i(x<} do this especially, but others do not because of their roughness. The yahoi have a mouth oj^ening wide (liter- ally ' breaking back '). T\\Q axaAlia^ (thorny) yakeo'i has its ova attached to the v-6ZiO!J.a (peritoneum [?]) above the oviducal glands, and when the ovum descends upon its having been loosed the young fish is produced. In the same way generation takes jjlace in the ald>-7j^. But the so-called smooth yalsoi have their ova between the branches of the oviduct like the ff/.ol'jr^. The ova moving about descend into one or the other branch of the oviduct and the young are pro- duced, having the umbilical cord attached to the oviduct, so that when the eggs are used up these fish seem to have an embryo j ust like the quadrupeds. In the case of the a/.uUo., Avhich some call v^fifiiai yaXeoi (i. e. yakeoi dappled like a fawn, fawn-colored sharks), when the shell of the egg bursts and fiills off the young fish is born. There are several kinds of yakeot, e. g. aartpuxq, y.z'^Tpv/rfi, d:/.wjOla^, lilo>i, -o'.y.iAo^, ay.uivM}^, a)M-exia^. See Atlien. vii, 43. Iq 508b 17 ya}.2oi are mentioned among fishes which have many pyloric appendages, but this is thought to be a corrupted reading for yj.a. have what resembles white breasts (oviducal glands) which are not present when they are not pregnant. The ya'umoz:^ all have their gills double and five on each side. They also have the gall bladder on the liver, and the two parts of the liver are independent, the beginning not being grown together. The males differ from the females by having two appendages hang- ing about the vent. 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1862. 18. Oxynotus centrina. Apost. 8 (Centrina vidpecula), yoopowoil'apo. The word is M. G. and means hog-fish. So A. G. yjnp'>?, hog, was used as name of a fish found in the Nile. Strabo 823, Athen. 312 A. (vii, 88). I saw the ynupow/i'ul'apo in the market at Athens and heard the name from the market men, but the specimen was too large to be preserved. Family SQUATINID^. 19. Squatina squatina II. * pr^rj. (j), * aupaiV/la (J. Not noticed by Apostolides ; pbri (v. 1. /uVa), Arist. 543b 9, 540b 11, 746b 6, 543a 14, 565b 25, 1529a 16, 697a 6, 620b 30 31, 506b 8, 566a 20 22 27, 622a 13. The /5tV>j is one of the aeXdyji, has the gall on tlie liver, has a large tail and copulates belly to belly. It breeds twice a year, in autumn and again about the setting of the Pleiades, producing seven or eight young each time. It allows its young to pass in and out (of its mouth). The phri seems to cross with the /5«ro9 and produce the fish called />:vwo«-«c. This has the head and fore parts of the /5aro9 but the rear parts of the ph-q, as if born from both. Like the oi>o9, /5ar«9 and 4'^irTa it buries itself in the sand and then waves the filaments in its mouth. It changes its color to that of the rocks on which it is, or to that of its other surroundings, so that it is not easily seen. Athen. vii, 89, says the Xziooa-itq (smooth [ia-oq') is also called Family RHINOBATID^. 20. Rhinobatus columnae (Muller k Henle). Apost. 8. t KaX/Avt.. Family TORPEDINID^. 21. Torpedo torpedo (L). Apost. 8 (Torpedo marmorata), -f poudtaarpa, from M.G. p.oudcd!:dpxrj itself being one of the slowest. Some persons have been eye witnesses of their mode of capturing their prey. It is well known that they stun people also. It hunts little fishes for its food, catching them by rendering them numb Q/apyjh") and unable to move. The •^dpxrj and pr^r^ spawn a little before the autumnal equinox. They take their young into them- selves (their mouths) and let them out again. A large vdpxrj has been seen with about 80 young in it. Aristotle frequently mentions it in close connection with rpuycuv, l^d-o^ and pii'r/, implying that they belong to the same general class. See also Athen. vii, 95, where the same facts with regard to its stunning power are repeated. Theophrastus says it can send a shock even up through a fish-spear to a man's hand. Family RAJIDJE. 22. Raja clavata (L). Apost. 8. 23. Raja batis (L). Apost. 8 {Raia batis), iSart. Hart r= fiar{(^o'^) is the natural M. G. equivalent for A. G. [id-i>^. 24. Raja punctata H., /Sarof (J. Apost. 8 (Rata punctata). The fidro^ is repeatedly mentioned in Aristotle. 4&9b 6, 489b 31, 505a 4, 540b 8, 565b 28, 566a 28 32, 599b 29, 620b 30, 695b 28, 696a 25, 697a 6, 709b 17, 746b 6. According to Aristotle the [idroi form one division of the (rskdy-q, are flat, have a tail (^xipxa^ = tail like that of a quadruped. The word xipxo? is not applied to the tail of a fish, such as a sunfish, etc.) ; they have uncovered gills (no opercula), have no scales, but a rough skin ; they have no fins but " swim by means of their flat- ness itself," or, as is said in another j)lace, by means of the outer 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. edge of their flatness. They have their gills tinder them, whereas the ya/.sc6(hj have them in the side. The flat selache with tails, as the /Sfitrov", rjioyu).! and the like, copulate not only with belly to belly, but also by mounting with their bellies upon the backs of the females in those kinds in which the tail is not so thick as to be in their way. Of the flat fish the [id-oq and Tpoym-j do not receive their young into themselves because of the roughness of the tail. Some fishes lie quiet in the sand, others in the mud, keeping only the mouth above. The T.eTj>fv.i>'., {id-oc and (rzlayjLl^rj lie hid during the wintriest days. The o-mi^, fidrof, il<-7,Tza. and {>b-ri bury themselves in the sand, and when they have made themselves invisible they wave (^paddsijtrat) those things in their mouths which the fishermen call " rodlets " {paCdia) or little wands. None of the other fishes have been seen uniting in copulation with others not of their own kind ; but the /u'v/j and fidrn^ alone seem to do this ; for there is a fish called pvjdoaTo^, because it has the head and fore- parts of the [jdzifi but the hind parts of the /'iVry, as if born from both of these. The yolzai and yiutotuJslis, as the dlm-riz and xua*^, and the flat fishes, '^dp/.r^, fidra'i, Xzidoo-nq and zpoywj, are vivi- parous, having produced eggs (internally), i. e. are ovoviviparoiis. Bari'i also occurs in Aristotle. It may be merely a feminine form of /3«'-ro9 used as a name of female [idni'i. 1527b 41 43, 565a 22 27, 567a 13. " The ay.uXia and [ja^ioz^ have shelly arrangements in Avhich is found an eggy fluid. The form of the shell is like that of the tongues (reeds) of wind-instruments (pipes, anXui'), and there are hair-like ducts attached to the shells. In the case of the n/.oAia, which some call M^Spiai yaXzoi, the young are produced whenever the shell breaks from around them and falls off"; but in the case of the (i(i-iDt^ whenever they lay the eggs the young comes forth from the shell, which has been broken off" from around it." 565a 22fl^. (The above passage is obscure and possibly corrupt. I do not understand the distinction made in the latter part.) In 567a 13 Aristotle says that the female seal has a pudendum like that of the ffanV. 25. Raja miraletus H., (reXdyi (,). Apost. 9 {Raia miraletus). -^Xdyt, according to Apost., is a collec- tive name for all species of rays. Arist. (riXMyt)Q, commonly in plur. aiXdyr^, 511a 5, 6'95b9, 489b 2, 516b 16, 655a 23, 732b 1, 754a 23, 476a 2, 732b 22, 520a 17, 538a 29, 540b 6, 755b 2, 598a 12, 591a 10, 697a 7, 516b 15, 516b 36, 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 239 655a 23, 696b 3 6, 697a 8, 517a 1, 476a 2, 489b 6, 505a 13 5, 695b 4, 489b 30, 676b 3 4 5, 520a 17 18 19, 564b 20, 718b 35, 733a 10, 754a 33, 733a 8 11, 537a 30, 535b 24, 538a 29, 540b 19 10 12, 621b 25 28, 570b 32, 4S9b 16, 718b 33, 754a 23 32, 564b 15 16, 492a 27, 503b 3, 511a 4 7 9 12, 516b 15, 475b 20, 676b 2, 718b 32, 732b 1, 754a 23, 755a 12, 755b 2, 676b 2, 566a 24, 570b 32, 566a 15, 565b 30, 566a 26, 571a 1, 540b 14, 755b 8 12, 539a 29, 505a 26, 489b 6, 540b 17, 505a 3, 517a 1, 540b 6 8 10 12 17, 565b 28, 489b 30, 565b 24-31, 695b 9, 1527b 40 44. Cf. also aeXaym.hi^, liXayo^ is a term much used by Aristotle in a broad sense to include a wide variety of fishes. leXa/ax^g is also used, whether as equivalent to fjiXw/o? or in a still more comprehensive sense, is not clear. Pliny ix, 24 (78), says : " There is another kind of fiat fishes which have cartilage for the spine (pro spina), as the rrn'cp, pastinacce, sqxiatince, torpedo and those which the Greeks call by the names hovis (l^oo?), lamia, aquila (asro?), and ra7ia (^dzpayo^), in which number are also the sr/rta^i although these are not flat (^/ojii). All these collectively Aristotle called asXAyji, he first having given them this name. We (Latins) can not give them a distinctive name unless we may be permitted to call them cartilaginous (carti- laginea)." I gather the following points from Aristotle: Any animal is called a (yi).ayo^ which, being without feet and having gills, is vivi- parous (or ovoviviparous). All the askdyr^ except the [id-payoq are externally viviparous, having first produced eggs within themselves (i. e. are ovoviviparous). Their uterus, or oviduct, is forked and extends to the o-oZoJiia (diaphragm, peritoneum). The fJz/.dyri are fidzo^i, Tfi'jyw'yi, pi'-'T^, ,jul>^, Id'j.ta, d.£z6^, •^dfi/.r^, fld-pa- yoi; and all the yahwo-i}. They have uncovered gills ; some are elongated in form, e. g. the yakzui; others flat, e. g. the jSd-o'.. Some of the (Jz Adyrj do not have fins, viz., the flat ones and those having tails, such as iSdrois and t/jo/w'^. These swim by means of the " flat- ness itself." But the [-id- pay u^^ has fins, and so do all which do not have the flat parts thin. Some are rough, others smooth. The viviparous fishes, such as the (jzXdyr^, have cartilaginous bones (are yoydpd/.a-Ala), but the oviparous ones have a spine like the back- bone (pdyii) of quadrupeds. The liver of the ffskdyvj becomes fatty and an oil is melted from it, although the :9 "of Aristotle. Agassiz and Garman refer Aristotle's account to Parasilurus aris- totelis, found in the Acheloiis River, in Acarnania, Greece. The y.opdu?M^, says Aristotle, swims with its feet and tail, and, to compare a small thing to a great, has a tail like the ^Awi'f^. Some fish have four gills, each double except the last, as for instance z:'//';. -ip/.r^. ;'/«vjc, y.u-pi'Mn;. The j/A'h^; has the gall on the liver. The ;'/.«>££? and -ip/.ai emit the bunch of eggs {ju -/.hrnjji) united just as the [iarpayoi do. The larger yhhti^ lay their eggs in the deep places, some even a fathom deejD, but the smaller ones lay them in more shallow water, usually near the roots of a willow or some other tree ; also near the reed and the ^poov (some kind of a weed). The growth of the yMwi^ from the egg is very slow, wherefore the male watches them forty or fifty days that the offspring may not be devoured by the little fishes which happen along. The egg of the y/.fh'.g is, when laid, as large as a grain of vetch. No pesti- lential (universal?) disease attacks the fishes of rivers and ponds, but peculiar diseases fall on some of them, as the yM>ii especially. 242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. because it swims near the surface, becomes star-struck in the time of the dog-star ; it is also stupefied by loud thunder. The y/Myei'; in the shallows are destroyed in large numbers by being struck by the dragon-serpent. The river and lake fish are best after the emis- sion of the eggs and semen, when they recover their flesh. The ykfhi'i is not good while pregnant. In all the rest the males are better than the females, but the female ^Aavj^ is better than the male. Of the river fishes the male y'Ad-yi'i bestows much care upon its young. The female departs when she has laid her eggs, but the male, remaining where most of the eggs collect, keeps guard over them, affording no other assistance except preventing the other small fishes from seizing the offspring. It does this forty or fifty days until the young, having grown, are able to escape from the other fishes. Family CYPRINIDJE. 36. Cyprinus carpio (L). Apost. 30-31 {Cyprimis carpio and collari), called j -/.arcTtra in Thessaly. 37. Carassius auratus (L.) Apost. 31 {Carassius auratus), f xozztvo^'vY'"; red-fish = t/f/''^"''^" il'apo, gold-fish. Ko/.y.ivd'i is used of a light or yellowish-red, even of a yellow color, e. g. ■/.ir/./.vMwi too aiiyob is yolk of the egg. 38. Barbus meridionalis (Risso). Apost. 31. 39. Tinea tinea (L). Apost, 31 ( Tinea vulgaris). 40. Leueiseus eephalus (L). Apost. 31 {Squalius eephalus). Family CLUPEIDJE. 41. Harengula aurita (Cuv. & Val.) II. * (Pfn/rcra d), Mfj-fir^j. (,). Apost. 31 {Sardinella aurita), f f fV^a, -\ flfiiffna, j ijdfioslotjjha (mother of the sardine) ; ■\ ■/.i--a at Corfu. Arist. 621b 16, 1528a 40. Athenaeus vii, 137. Aristotle speaks of the Ofnrrna as one of the more bony fishes. Athenaeus says .\V/./z;V}£9 and the like, fljiifrnat, rfHy^tdsQ, kpir'.ii.m. Dorio mentions the river (-^//{Vro-a and calls the '/"-yii -ptyiaQ. 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 243 Plainly d^piaaa (f^inyta)^ ~f"-'/M ^^^ rrnyiaQ are all derived from Opi'^ (gen. zit'.yo'i) hair. (pji'Maa and cr;Wa are corruptions oi' Optiraa. 42. Harengula phalerica (Risso). Apost. 31 {Meletta phalerica), f -«--«/:'>a. A doubtful species. 43. Clupeapilchardus (L). H. lafj'Ji/.a (.^, *"/'■/-"' ^" (i)- Apost. 32 (Alosa sardma), aapdi/M. lapdlla is It. sardelli. This would seem to be connected by derivation with Lat. sarda, Plin. 32, 151 and 46; Sardina Col. 8, 17, 12. la/iorj and ffafidrj'yrj, Galen. lapdr^o?, Arist. 1531a 8, Athen. vii, 137. Athenaeus says A'a/.xtds^ and the like, Ofiiaaa'., zpr/ldz'?, kphttjAn. Epainetus, in his work on fishes, says yalxideq, which they also call i, hair, and doubtless refer to the fine hair-like bones of the sardines. Sardelli, sardinelli, (rapdtvoc, may be dimin- utives from sarda, and all these words obviously are derived from Iap3t/:'9 Arist. 569b 26, 598b 12, 543a 5, 1528b 1. The Tpvyia^ breeds twice a year. From the Phaleric y.wolri<; are produced p-spopdihg, from these zptyioz^, and from these rpryiat. The zpiyiat are caught only as they swim into the Pontus, but they are not seen coming out of it. Whenever one is caught in the neighborhood of Byzantium the fishermen cleanse their nets thoroughly, because it is not customary for it to swim out (i. e. they cleanse their nets because the catching of one is so unusual a thing as to be considered an evil omen and contaminating). The reason for this is that they swim up the Ister (Danube) to where it splits and then come down into the Adriatic. This is proved by the fact that there the reverse happens ; for they are not caught going into the Adriatic, but only swimming out. Athen. vii, 137, rptytds'^. Aristophanes Knights, 662. Tp'.yidt<: a hundred for an obol (3 cents). 44. Clupea alosa (L). Apost. 32 (Alosa finta). 244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1892. 45. Clupea rufa (Lacepede). Apost. 32 {Alosa vulgaris). Family STOLEPHORIDJE. 46. Stolephorus encrasicholus (L). II. * Fab/x)'} (j. Apost. 32 (Eagraulis encrasicholus), -\ yo.il'i. Tay/x)? means proud, haughty, both in A. G. and M. G. Family SALMONIDJE. 47. Salmo fario (L). Apost. 33 {Trutta fario), f -i^-<><>6<^<'>TY"- ^t Missolonghi. The yi'iyyiKoi of Aristotle 489b 27, 590b 17-19, 505a 27, 505a 14, 696a 4, 708a 3, 507a 10, 506b 18, 571b 1, 571a 28, 599b 6, 707b 28, 591a 6 10 18, 610b 15-17, 598a 13. All those fishes which are long and smooth, as the lyyjkvq and yi'iyyiKi^, have only two fins. Some fishes have two gills on each side, the one single and the other double, as e. g. the yoyyfxx; and ffxdpd^. Some of the yoyyixn hav^e the gall upon the liver, others below, separated from it. A few of the fishes have a gullet {a-oij.- "/"O' ^^ 6- S- ^'^® yjyypo? and ty/i/.o^, and these have it small. (For (STi)i).ayo'>yyfi(»} does not have such spawn, neither does the ii.niiavMj. nor the lyyjhj^. The yoyypoi also have egg-masses (y-oi]- imzo?), but the egg-mass is not very apparent on account of the fat. It has a long egg-mass just as serpents have. But when placed upon the fire it makes its nature evident, for the fat smokes and melts but the eggs jump and crackle when squeezed out. And besides, if a person feels and rubs them with his fingers the fat feels smooth, but the spawn rough. Now some ytiyypoi have fat but no spawn, while others, on the contrary, have no fat and much spawn, as has just been described. The -/.diiafjot (Spiny lobsters?) overpower the yoyypoi ; for on account of the roughness of the y.dfiaGiii the yoyypoi do not slip away from them. The y''>yyi>'n^ however, devour the -oXo-ixh?, for the -oXu-ods^ cannot manage them on account of their smoothness. Some Tro/.o-ads'^ have their arms (^Tzhy-dya^, coils) eaten off" by the yoyy/xn. The p.njiarm, opyypu^ by the p.opav^a. ' The battle is to the stronger against the weaker, for the stronger devour the weaker. Some of the fishes change their places from the open sea to near the land and from the 1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 247 land to the opeu sea, avoiding the extremes of cold and heat. The xpoyth'^^ (TsAdy-fj, y<\\\iQ yoyypoi^ -/(iv^ri, ^/?6i(9/)ti/(v9 and ^/'.ayxof are pelagic {TzsAdyKii) ; but the (fdyiiu!.^ (jxaf/Tztoc^ black y'^yypoc, fj.opa'.'>ac and ■/.('//.y.uyt'i- change from one place to the other. Some of the long and thick fishes, as the iyyilu^^ T'''TTl"''ii etc., do not have the fins on the belly (i. e. the ventral and anal fins). They all eat one another (except the x^crrpsu'i'), and the yoyypoc especially do so. Some have only two fins, as the yoyy/io^^ iy/JXu'?, and a certain kind of y.zffT/>-ui. Latin Conger cf Plin. K A. 9, 72, 9, 57, 9, 87, 9, 185. Also ganger, 32, 147. Family ECHELIDJE. 55. Echelus myrus (L). Apost. 34 (^Myi'us vulgaris). Family OPHISURIDJE. 56. OpMsurus serpens (L). Apost. 34 (Ophisurus